Lithium-battery based industries including vehicles, electronics, fusion and thermonuclear, consume lithium rapidly, which raises the need for developing a lithium recovery system. Lithium global market consumption in 2016 ...

Concentration of Li in seawater is too low at 0.17 ppm despite its high content altogether with a reported 230 billion tons. Hence, seawater is not a practical source to recover Li from; Li is largely extracted by solar ...