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AuthorNimir H.I.
AuthorHamza A.
AuthorHussein I.A.
Available date2022-04-25T10:59:46Z
Publication Date2020
Publication NameEnergies
ResourceScopus
Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164262
URIhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090890559&doi=10.3390%2fen13164262&partnerID=40&md5=43cc3912d1dd9d2ccb803e6279249ed8
URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10576/30405
AbstractCrosslinkable polymers, such as polyacrylamide (PAM), are widely applied for water control in oil and gas reservoirs. Organic and inorganic crosslinkers are used to formulate a gel with PAM. Although chromium has a high level of toxicity, it has been implemented as an effective crosslinker combined with carboxylates because of the controllability of crosslinking time at low temperatures. The objective of this work was to develop greener d-metal inorganic crosslinkers based on cobalt, copper, and nickel to replace chromium for application at reservoir conditions. The obtained results showed that the gelation chemistry of the developed systems depends on the metal charge density. The gelation of PAM with d-metals depends on pH and temperature for low- and high-charge density, respectively. Cobalt (II) acetate (CoAc) was effective at high temperatures (130–150 °C) and forms (4% CoAc + 9%PAM) stable, and strong gels at a pH > 7 with a storage modulus exceeding 4300 Pa. However, Nickel Acetate and Cupper Acetate formed stable weak gels at low temperatures (50–70 °C) and a pH > 6 and gel decomposition was observed upon increasing the temperature. The developed formulations were compatible with low-salinity water (1000 ppm NaCl).
Languageen
PublisherMDPI AG
SubjectAssociative storage
Binary alloys
Carboxylation
Chromium
Cobalt compounds
Crosslinking
Gelation
Gels
Nickel compounds
Organometallics
Petroleum reservoir engineering
Petroleum reservoirs
Polymers
Sodium chloride
Crosslinkable polymers
Crosslinking time
Gel decomposition
Low temperatures
Low-salinity water
Oil and gas reservoir
Polyacrylamide(PAM)
Reservoir conditions
Chemicals removal (water treatment)
TitleDevelopment of greener d-metal inorganic crosslinkers for polymeric gels used in water control in oil and gas applications
TypeArticle
Issue Number6
Volume Number13
dc.accessType Abstract Only


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