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Reactive oxygen species: Modulators of phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells
(
MDPI
, 2020 , Article Review)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are natural byproducts of oxygen metabolism in the cell. At physiological levels, they play a vital role in cell signaling. However, high ROS levels cause oxidative stress, which is implicated ...
Epac in vascular smooth muscle cells
(
MDPI
, 2020 , Article Review)
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are major components of blood vessels. They regulate physiological functions, such as vascular tone and blood flow. Under pathological conditions, VSMCs undergo a remodeling process ...