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Organically modified nanoclay filled thin-film nanocomposite membranes for reverse osmosis application
(
MDPI AG
, 2019 , Article)
This study validates, for the first time, the effectiveness of two nanoclays, that is, cloisite (CS)-15A and montmorillonite (MNT) at the polyamide (PA) active layer in the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. Cloisite-15A is ...
An empirical determination of the whole-life cost of FO-based open-loop wastewater reclamation technologies
(
Elsevier Ltd
, 2019 , Article)
Over the past 5–10 years it has become apparent that the significant energy benefit provided by forward osmosis (FO) for desalination arises only when direct recovery of the permeate product from the solution used to ...