Produced water refers to the water that is generated when oil and gas are extracted from the ground, and it usually includes the natural water layer within the reservoir (formation water) as well as the injected water. The ...

The presence of high concentrations of toxic heavy metals such as lead Pb(II) in water is a major hazard to human health and may have a detrimental effect on the aquatic life and the environment. Implementing an efficient ...

Industrial wastewater often contains different complex impurities that are hazardous to the environment and human health, making wastewater treatment a necessity prior to its disposal. This review focuses on cell immobilization ...