Antiscalants have been used to inhibit the formation of scales and reduce the risk of membrane scaling. However, issues such as the increased of biofouling tendency and contradictory observations of organic fouling propensity ...

Produced water refers to the water that is generated when oil and gas are extracted from the ground, and it usually includes the natural water layer within the reservoir (formation water) as well as the injected water. The ...

The presence of high concentrations of toxic heavy metals such as lead Pb(II) in water is a major hazard to human health and may have a detrimental effect on the aquatic life and the environment. Implementing an efficient ...

Mercury is one of the most detrimental by-products of industrial activities, such as mining and fossil fuel combustion. What differentiates this contaminant from other pollutants is its bioaccumulation and rapid distribution ...

In order to reduce membrane fouling propensity, membrane technologies in water treatment and desalination processes have been coupled with coagulation process. However, the fouling issues still persisted. It is believed ...

Produced water (PW) generated from oil exploration requires rigorous removal of suspended matter (free oil and particulate solids) as tertiary treatment (downstream of hydrocyclone and gas flotation) if it is to be re-injected ...