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المؤلفSchumacher, Austin E.
المؤلفKyu, Hmwe Hmwe
المؤلفAali, Amirali
المؤلفAbbafati, Cristiana
المؤلفAbbas, Jaffar
المؤلفAbbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh
المؤلفAbbasi, Madineh Akram
المؤلفAbbasian, Mohammadreza
المؤلفAbd ElHafeez, Samar
المؤلفAbdelmasseh, Michael
المؤلفAbd-Elsalam, Sherief
المؤلفAbdelwahab, Ahmed
المؤلفAbdollahi, Mohammad
المؤلفAbdoun, Meriem
المؤلفAbdullahi, Auwal
المؤلفAbdurehman, Ame Mehadi
المؤلفAbebe, Mesfin
المؤلفAbedi, Aidin
المؤلفAbedi, Armita
المؤلفAbegaz, Tadesse M.
المؤلفAbeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel
المؤلفAbhilash, E. S.
المؤلفAbiodun, Olugbenga Olusola
المؤلفAboagye, Richard Gyan
المؤلفAbolhassani, Hassan
المؤلفAbouzid, Mohamed
المؤلفAbreu, Lucas Guimarães
المؤلفAbrha, Woldu Aberhe
المؤلفAbrigo, Michael R.M.
المؤلفAbtahi, Dariush
المؤلفAbu Rumeileh, Samir
المؤلفAbu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME
المؤلفAburuz, Salahdein
المؤلفAbu-Zaid, Ahmed
المؤلفAcuna, Juan Manuel
المؤلفAdair, Tim
المؤلفAddo, Isaac Yeboah
المؤلفAdebayo, Oladimeji M.
المؤلفAdegboye, Oyelola A.
المؤلفAdekanmbi, Victor
المؤلفAden, Bashir
المؤلفAdepoju, Abiola Victor
المؤلفAdetunji, Charles Oluwaseun
المؤلفAdeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther
المؤلفAdeyomoye, Olorunsola Israel
المؤلفAdha, Rishan
المؤلفAdibi, Amin
المؤلفAdikusuma, Wirawan
المؤلفAdnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
المؤلفAdra, Saryia
المؤلفAfework, Abel
المؤلفAfolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
المؤلفAfraz, Ali
المؤلفAfyouni, Shadi
المؤلفAfzal, Saira
المؤلفAgasthi, Pradyumna
المؤلفAghamiri, Shahin
المؤلفAgodi, Antonella
المؤلفAgyemang-Duah, Williams
المؤلفAhinkorah, Bright Opoku
المؤلفAhmad, Aqeel
المؤلفAhmad, Danish
المؤلفAhmad, Firdos
المؤلفAhmad, Muayyad M.
المؤلفAhmad, Tauseef
المؤلفAhmadi, Keivan
المؤلفAhmadzade, Amir Mahmoud
المؤلفAhmadzade, Mohadese
المؤلفAhmed, Ayman
المؤلفAhmed, Haroon
المؤلفAhmed, Luai A.
المؤلفAhmed, Muktar Beshir
المؤلفAhmed, Syed Anees
المؤلفAjami, Marjan
المؤلفAji, Budi
المؤلفAjumobi, Olufemi
المؤلفAkalu, Gizachew Taddesse
المؤلفAkara, Essona Matatom
المؤلفAkinosoglou, Karolina
المؤلفAkkala, Sreelatha
المؤلفAkyirem, Samuel
المؤلفAl Hamad, Hanadi
المؤلفAl Hasan, Syed Mahfuz
المؤلفAl Homsi, Ammar
المؤلفAl Qadire, Mohammad
المؤلفAla, Moein
المؤلفAladelusi, Timothy Olukunle
المؤلفAL-Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed Ali
المؤلفAlalalmeh, Samer O.
المؤلفAl-Aly, Ziyad
المؤلفAlam, Khurshid
المؤلفAlam, Manjurul
المؤلفAlam, Zufishan
المؤلفAl-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa
المؤلفAlanezi, Fahad Mashhour
المؤلفAlanzi, Turki M.
المؤلفAlbashtawy, Mohammed
المؤلفAlBataineh, Mohammad T.
المؤلفAldridge, Robert W.
المؤلفAlemi, Sharifullah
تاريخ الإتاحة2024-04-01T07:10:20Z
تاريخ النشر2024
اسم المنشورThe Lancet
المعرّفhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00476-8
الرقم المعياري الدولي للكتاب01406736
معرّف المصادر الموحدhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85188720479&origin=inward
معرّف المصادر الموحدhttp://hdl.handle.net/10576/53777
الملخصBackground: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
اللغةen
الناشرElsevier
الموضوعglobal mortality
sex
COVID-19 pandemic
Global Burden
العنوانGlobal age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
النوعArticle
dc.accessType Abstract Only


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