Do e-cigarettes have a part to play in peri-implant diseases?

Abstract

Systematic review. The following databases were searched for publications up to May 2022: Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, Cochrane and Open Grey. Additionally, four journals were hand searched. Clear inclusion and exclusion criteria were provided. A focused question was outlined using PICO format. A full search protocol was supplied, and all study designs were considered. Two reviewers screened 97 articles after de-duplication. Fourteen full-text articles were assessed. Data were collected using a spreadsheet. Four cross-sectional studies were included in the systematic review, all reporting on male participants. Meta-analysis was performed highlighting worse outcomes in electronic cigarette (e- cigarette) user group regarding increased bone loss, probing depth, plaque index and bleeding on probing, as well as increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, when compared to never-smokers. From the limited number of studies available, e-cigarettes appear to have a negative impact on dental implant outcomes in male patients.