Effects of microplastics’ physical and chemical properties on aquatic organisms: State-of-the-art and future research trends

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) pose a global threat to marine ecosystems, little is known about the factors that influence their bioavailability. Microplastics have the ability to adsorb contaminants from the environment, as well as to act as vectors for toxicants and pathogens. This is why addressing MPs' physicochemical properties, as well as toxicological concerns, bioavailability, and environmental impact, is critical. Furthermore, the biological response to MPs is difficult to interpret and is yet to be successfully related to MPs inherent physical and chemical characteristics, including shape, size, and chemical structure. Thus, ecotoxicological effects on (marine) organisms, both by themselves and when associated with other pollutants, should be studied not only at individual but also at the populational and community levels.Herein, we summarize the current research on the interactions of MPs with aquatic organisms and related chemicals, such as additives and heavy metals. Additionally, knowledge gaps, and future research opportunities, are highlighted.