Puffing topography and physiological responses in men and women with low versus high waterpipe dependence during smoking: The WiHi Irbid project

Abstract

Background: Waterpipe smoking is spreading worldwide, and it is associated with many adverse effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of waterpipe smoking puffing topography, and related physiological measures, with both gender and level of dependence on waterpipe. Method: Exclusive waterpipe smokers were asked to smoke a single waterpipe session in a specialized laboratory while their smoking topography, and in-breath CO level were recorded pre- and post- smoking. Waterpipe dependence was measured using the LWDS-11 scale. Results: In the high dependence group, the total number of puffs, was greater in men than women. In addition, the average flow rate was greater in men with high compared to low dependence. For inter-puffing intervals, greater values were recorded in men and women with low versus high dependence. No other differences were found between the subgroups in total session time, average puff duration, average puff volume, and maximum flow rate. Pre-smoking CO content and CO boost were greater in men versus women in both dependence groups. Post-smoking CO content was greater in women with high versus low dependence, whereas it was lower in women versus men with low dependence. Conclusions: The current results indicate several effects for waterpipe smoking dependence on smoking topography. Many of these differences were gender dependent with men having higher exposure than women in most aspects.