Waste is the Best: An Approach to Circular Economy

Abstract

Food waste represents a major global sustainability challenge with profound implications for environmental integrity, economic efficiency, and social equity. This review critically examines the application of circular economy (CE) principles to food waste management with a focus on innovative and value-driven strategies for resource recovery. Emphasis is placed on recent biotechnological advancements such as enzymatic hydrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and microbial bioconversion that facilitate the transformation of food waste into high-value products, including biofuels, bioplastics, and functional food ingredients. Particular attention is given to the valorization potential of underutilized fractions, including peels, seeds, and processing residues. The review further explores systemic barriers to CE adoption, including infrastructural limitations, economic constraints, and regulatory complexities. It underscores the critical role of policy integration, stakeholder engagement, and multisectoral collaboration in overcoming these challenges. By synthesizing current scientific developments and policy frameworks, this review offers a comprehensive and strategic perspective to advance the global transition toward sustainable, resilient, and circular food systems.