Barriers to Circular Economy Transitions in Emerging Markets: Insights From the GCC and Implications for Sustainable Development

Abstract

This study investigates the barriers to implementing circular economy (CE) practices in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, where, despite ambitious governmental strategies and regulatory reforms, the adoption of CE remains limited. Drawing on 39 semi-structured interviews with supply chain managers from eight manufacturing firms across six GCC countries, the study employs template analysis to identify six interconnected barriers: entrenched consumption patterns, limited technical expertise in sustainable design, inadequate waste management infrastructure, organizational inertia, short-term economic priorities, and the disincentive effects of low-cost energy. A hierarchical framework is developed to show how these barriers interact, positioning cultural and behavioral factors as foundational constraints that shape broader systemic challenges. The findings underscore the need for coordinated interventions, including public awareness initiatives, institutional alignment, and investment in capabilities related to CE. By addressing these interconnected obstacles, this research contributes to the understanding of sustainability transitions in emerging markets. It offers practical insights into how circular strategies can support the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action).