Generative Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT, and Higher Education: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions

Abstract

With the advancement in artificial intelligence (AI), the possibility of integrating Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI), such as ChatGPT, in education is rapidly growing. The paper employs a systematic literature review methodology to examine the potential impact of ChatGPT on higher education institutions. The study used an eligible sample of 68 articles from publications in reputable digital databases between 2022 and 2025. A systematic content review examined how conversational learning tools are transforming teaching and learning experiences in universities. The analysis revealed both promising opportunities and essential considerations for educators and students alike. Key advantages include tailored learning pathways and instant feedback for students; however, educators continue to grapple with complex ethical considerations during implementation. The findings also highlight how these tools can enhance student engagement and motivation in the classroom, fostering more active participation in the learning process. However, in the literature, you find potential biases, inaccuracies, loss of jobs, and decreased creativity act as barriers. The review also highlights a growing interest in ChatGPT across various fields of study. It acknowledges the need for improved ethical approaches, data protection, and AI competencies to address these issues. The study makes a theoretical contribution by reviewing the existing literature and focusing on the challenges. The findings also hold practical importance as they can help educators, learners, and policymakers to improve the use of AI. By highlighting these challenges, this research lays a foundation for future studies to explore more effective strategies for mitigating risks associated with AI in education. Future research should empirically assess the identified benefits and challenges.