Pill-burden and its association with treatment burden among patients with advanced stages of chronic kidney disease
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Date
2023-03-18Author
Asmaa, Al-mansouriHamad, Abdullah Ibrahim
Al-Ali, Fadwa Saqr
Ibrahim, Mohamed Izham Mohamed
Kheir, Nadir
Al-Ziftawi, Nour Hisham
Ibrahim, Rania Abdelaziz
AlBakri, Muna
Awaisu, Ahmed
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IntroductionChronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with multimorbidity and high treatment burden. Pill-burden is one component of the overall treatment burden. However, little is known about its magnitude and contribution to the overall treatment burden among patients with advanced stages of CKD. This study aimed to quantify the magnitude of pill-burden in dialysis-dependent vs. non-dialysis-dependent advanced-stage CKD patients and its association with treatment burden. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study for the assessment of pill-burden and treatment burden among non-dialysis and hemodialysis (HD)-dependent CKD patients. Pill-burden was quantified as “number of pills/patient/week” through electronic medical record, while treatment burden was assessed using the “Treatment Burden Questionnaire (TBQ)”. Furthermore, oral and parenteral medication burden was also quantified. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential analysis, including Mann – Whitney U test and two-way between groups analysis of variance (ANOVA). ResultsAmong the 280 patients included in the analysis, the median (IQR) number of prescribed chronic medications was 12 (5.7) oral and 3 (2) parenteral medications. The median (IQR) pill-burden was 112 (55) pills/week. HD patients experienced higher pill-burden than non-dialysis patients [122 (61) vs. 109 (33) pills/week]; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.81). The most commonly prescribed oral medications were vitamin D (90.4%), sevelamer carbonate (65%), cinacalcet (67.5%), and statins (67.1%). Overall, patients who had high pill-burden (≥112 pills/week) had significantly higher perceived treatment burden compared to low pill-burden patients (<112 pills/week) [47(36.2) vs. 38.5(36.7); p = 0.0085]. However, two-way ANOVA showed that dialysis status is the significant contributor to the treatment-burden in the high overall pill-burden group (p < 0.01), the high oral-medication-burden group (p < 0.01), and the high parenteral-medication-burden group (p = 0.004). ConclusionsPatients with advanced CKD experienced a high pill-burden, which increases the treatment burden; however, the dialysis status of the patient is the main factor affecting the overall treatment burden. Future intervention studies should target this population with an aim to reduce polypharmacy, pill-burden, and treatment burden, which may ultimately improve CKD patients’ quality of life.
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Cogen, Rebecca M; Cohen, Aaron J; Columbus, Alyssa; Comfort, Haley; Conde, Joao; Connolly, Jon T; Cooper, Ezra E K; Cortese, Samuele; Cruz-Martins, Natália; da Silva, Alanna Gomes; Dadras, Omid; Dai, Xiaochen; Dai, Zhaoli; Dalton, Bronte E; Damiani, Giovanni; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Das, Jai K; Das, Saswati; Das, Subasish; Dash, Nihar Ranjan; Davletov, Kairat; De la Hoz, Fernando Pio; De Leo, Diego; Debopadhaya, Shayom; Delgado-Enciso, Ivan; Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai; Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan; Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman; Dhama, Kuldeep; Dhane, Amol S; Dhingra, Sameer; Dias da Silva, Diana; Diaz, Daniel; Diaz, Luis Antonio; Diaz, Michael J; Dima, Adriana; Ding, Delaney D; Do, Thao Huynh Phuong; do Prado, Camila Bruneli; Dodangeh, Masoud; Dodangeh, Milad; Doegah, Phidelia Theresa; Dohare, Sushil; Dong, Wanyue; D'Oria, Mario; Doshi, Rajkumar; Dowou, Robert Kokou; Dsouza, Haneil Larson; Dsouza, Viola; Dube, John; Dumith, Samuel C; Duncan, Bruce B; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Duraisamy, Senbagam; Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher; Dushpanova, Anar; Dutta, Sulagna; Dzianach, Paulina Agnieszka; Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian; Eboreime, Ejemai; Ebrahimi, Alireza; Ebrahimi Kalan, Mohammad; Edinur, Hisham Atan; Efendi, Ferry; Eikemo, Terje Andreas; Eini, Ebrahim; Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus; El Arab, Rabie Adel; El Sayed, Iman; Elamin, Osman; Elemam, Noha Mousaad; ElGohary, Ghada Metwally Tawfik; Elhadi, Muhammed; Elmeligy, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou; Elmoselhi, Adel B; Elshaer, Mohammed; Elsohaby, Ibrahim; Eltahir, Mohd. Elmagzoub; Emeto, Theophilus I; Eshrati, Babak; Eslami, Majid; Esmaeili, Zahra; Fabin, Natalia; Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis; Fagbule, Omotayo Francis; Falzone, Luca; Fareed, Mohammad; Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá; Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud; Faro, Andre; Fasihi, Kiana; Fatehizadeh, Ali; Fauk, Nelsensius Klau; Fazylov, Timur; Feigin, Valery L; Fekadu, Ginenus; Feng, Xiaoqi; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Ferrara, Pietro; Ferreira, Nuno; Firew, Belete Sewasew; Fischer, Florian; Fitriana, Ida; Flavel, Joanne; Flor, Luisa S; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Foley, Kristen Marie; Fonzo, Marco; Force, Lisa M; Foschi, Matteo; Freitas, Alberto; Fridayani, Ni Kadek Yuni; Fukutaki, Kai Glenn; Furtado, João M; Fux, Blima; Gaal, Peter Andras; Gadanya, Muktar A; Gallus, Silvano; Ganesan, Balasankar; Ganiyani, Mohammad Arfat; Gautam, Rupesh K; Gebi, Tilaye Gebru; Gebregergis, Miglas W; Gebrehiwot, Mesfin; Getacher, Lemma; Getahun, Genanew K A; Gething, Peter W; Ghadimi, Delaram J; Ghadirian, Fataneh; Ghafarian, Sadegh; Ghailan, Khalid Yaser; Ghasemi, MohammadReza; Ghasempour Dabaghi, Ghazal; Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed; Ghoba, Sama; Gholami, Ehsan; Gholamrezanezhad, Ali; Gholizadeh, Nasim; Ghorbani, Mahsa; Ghorbani Vajargah, Pooyan; Ghotbi, Elena; Gil, Artyom Urievich; Gill, Tiffany K; Girmay, Alem; Glasbey, James C; Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna; Gnedovskaya, Elena V; Göbölös, Laszlo; Goldust, Mohamad; Goleij, Pouya; Golinelli, Davide; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goulart, Alessandra C; Gouravani, Mahdi; Goyal, Anmol; Grivna, Michal; Grosso, Giuseppe; Guarducci, Giovanni; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Guicciardi, Stefano; Guimarães, Rafael Alves; Gulati, Snigdha; Gulisashvili, David; Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga; Guo, Cui; Gupta, Anish Kumar; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Renu; Gupta, Sapna; Gupta, Vijai Kumar; Haakenstad, Annie; Hadi, Najah R; Haep, Nils; Hafiz, Abdul; Haghmorad, Dariush; Haile, Demewoz; Hajj Ali, Adel; Hajj Ali, Ali; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Halboub, Esam S; Haller, Sebastian; Halwani, Rabih; Hamagharib Abdullah, Kanaan; Hamdy, Nadia M; Hamoudi, Rifat; Hanifi, Nasrin; Hankey, Graeme J; Haq, Zaim Anan; Haque, Md Rabiul; Harapan, Harapan; Hargono, Arief; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasaballah, Ahmed I; Hasan, S. M. Mahmudul; Hasanian, Mohammad; Hasnain, Md Saquib; Hassan, Amr; Haubold, Johannes; Hay, Simon I; Hebert, Jeffrey J; Hegazi, Omar E; Heidari, Mohammad; Hemmati, Mehdi; Henson, Claire A; Herrera-Serna, Brenda Yuliana; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydari, Majid; Hezam, Kamal; Hidayana, Irma; Hiraike, Yuta; Hoan, Nguyen Quoc; Holla, Ramesh; Hoogar, Praveen; Horita, Nobuyuki; Hossain, Md Mahbub; Hosseinzadeh, Hassan; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hu, Chengxi; Huang, Junjie; Hultström, Michael; Hundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes; Hunt, Aliza J; Hushmandi, Kiavash; Hussain, Javid; Hussain, M. Azhar; Hussein, Nawfal R; Huynh, Hong-Han; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Iftikhar, Pulwasha Maria; Ikiroma, Adalia I; Ikwegbue, Paul Chukwudi; Ilic, Irena M; Ilic, Milena D; Immurana, Mustapha; Isa, Mustafa Alhaji; Islam, Md. Rabiul; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Ismail, Faisal; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Isola, Gaetano; Iwagami, Masao; Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi; Jacob, Louis; Jacobsen, Kathryn H; Jafarinia, Morteza; Jahankhani, Kasra; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jain, Nityanand; Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman; Jakhmola Mani, Dr Ruchi; Jamil, Safayet; Jamora, Roland Dominic G; Jatau, Abubakar Ibrahim; Javadov, Sabzali; Javaheri, Tahereh; Jayaram, Shubha; Jee, Sun Ha; Jeganathan, Jayakumar; Jiang, Heng; Jokar, Mohammad; Jonas, Jost B; Joseph, Nitin; Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma; Jürisson, Mikk; K, Vaishali; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kadashetti, Vidya; Kalankesh, Laleh R; Kalra, Sanjay; Kamath, Ashwin; Kamath, Rajesh; Kamireddy, Arun; Kanaan, Mona; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kanmiki, Edmund Wedam; Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem; Kansal, Sushil Kumar; Karim, Asima; Karkhah, Samad; Kashoo, Faizan Zaffar; Kasraei, Hengameh; Kassel, Molly B; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kauppila, Joonas H; Kaur, Harkiran; Kayode, Gbenga A; Kazemi, Foad; Kazemian, Sina; Kebede, Fassikaw; Kendal, Evie Shoshannah; Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle; Khademvatan, Shahram; Khajuria, Himanshu; Khalaji, Amirmohammad; Khalid, Asaad; Khalid, Nauman; Khalilian, Alireza; Khamesipour, Faham; Khan, Fayaz; Khan, Mohammad Jobair; Khan, Moien AB; Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh; Khatab, Khaled; Khatatbeh, Haitham; Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza; Kheirallah, Khalid A; Khokhar, Manoj; Khormali, Moein; Khorrami, Zahra; Khosla, Atulya Aman; Khosravi, Majid; Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kifle, Zemene Demelash; Kim, Grace; Kim, Julie Sojin; Kim, Min Seo; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Knibbs, Luke D; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kochhar, Sonali; Kolahi, Ali-Asghar; Kompani, Farzad; Koren, Gerbrand; Korzh, Oleksii; Krishan, Kewal; Krishna, Varun; Krishnamoorthy, Vijay; Kucuk Bicer, Burcu; Kuddus, Md Abdul; Kuddus, Mohammed; Kuitunen, Ilari; Kujan, Omar; Kulimbet, Mukhtar; Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha; Kumar, G Anil; Kumar, Harish; Kumar, Nithin; Kumar, Rakesh; Kumar, Vijay; Kundu, Amartya; Kusuma, Dian; Kyei-Arthur, Frank; Kytö, Ville; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lacey, Ben; Ladan, Muhammad Awwal; Laflamme, Lucie; Lahariya, Chandrakant; Lai, Daphne Teck Ching; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Lám, Judit; Lan, Qing; Lan, Tuo; Landires, Iván; Lanfranchi, Francesco; Langguth, Berthold; Lansingh, Van Charles; Laplante-Lévesque, Ariane; Larijani, Bagher; Larsson, Anders O; Lasrado, Savita; Lauriola, Paolo; Lawlor, Hilary R; Le, Huu-Hoai; Le, Long Khanh Dao; Le, Nhi Huu Hanh; Le, Thao Thi Thu; Le, Trang Diep Thanh; Leasher, Janet L; Lee, Doo Woong; Lee, Munjae; Lee, Paul H; Lee, Sang-woong; Lee, Seung Won; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Yo Han; Leigh, James; Leong, Elvynna; Li, Ming-Chieh; Libra, Massimo; Ligade, Virendra S; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lim, Stephen S; Limenh, Liknaw Workie; Lindholm, Daniel; Lindstedt, Paulina A; Listl, Stefan; Liu, Gang; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Shuke; Liu, Xiaofeng; Liu, Xuefeng; Llanaj, Erand; López-Bueno, Rubén; López-Gil, José Francisco; Loreche, Arianna Maever; Lotufo, Paulo A; Lozano, Rafael; Lubinda, Jailos; Lucchetti, Giancarlo; Luo, Lisha; Lusk, Jay B; Lv, Lei; M Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim; Ma, Zheng Feei; Maass, Kelsey Lynn; Machairas, Nikolaos; Machoy, Monika; Madureira-Carvalho, Áurea M; Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan; Maghazachi, Azzam A; Mahadeshwara Prasad, D.R.; Mahalleh, Mehrdad; Mahasha, Phetole Walter; Mahmoud, Mansour Adam; Mahmoudi, Elham; Mahmoudvand, Golnaz; Makama, Maureen; Malakan Rad, Elaheh; Malhotra, Kashish; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Manla, Yosef; Mansour, Ali; Mansouri, Mohammad Hadi; Mansouri, Pejman; Mansouri, Vahid; Mansourian, Marjan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Marasini, Bishnu P; Marateb, Hamid Reza; Maravilla, Joemer C; Mardi, Parham; Marjani, Abdoljalal; Markazi Moghadam, Hamed; Marrugo Arnedo, Carlos Alberto; Martinez, Gabriel; Martinez-Piedra, Ramon; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio; Martorell, Miquel; Marx, Wolfgang; Marzo, Roy Rillera; Masoudi, Sahar; Mathangasinghe, Yasith; Mathioudakis, Alexander G; Mathur, Medha; Mathur, Navgeet; Mathur, Neeta; Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido; Mattumpuram, Jishanth; Maude, Richard James; Maugeri, Andrea; Mayeli, Mahsa; Mazidi, Mohsen; Mazzotti, Antonio; McGrath, John J; McKee, Martin; McKowen, Anna Laura W; McPhail, Michael A; McPhail, Steven M; Mehmood, Asim; Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran; Mehravar, Sepideh; Mekene Meto, Tesfahun; Melese, Endalkachew Belayneh; Mendez-Lopez, Max Alberto Mendez; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G; Mensah, George A; Mensah, Laverne G; Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A; Meo, Sultan Ayoub; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Mersha, Abera M; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mettananda, Kukulege Chamila Dinushi; Mettananda, Sachith; Mhlanga, Adquate; Mhlanga, Laurette; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina; Miller, Ted R; Minh, Le Huu Nhat; Mirahmadi, Alireza; Mirijello, Antonio; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M; Mirzaei, Roya; Mitchell, Philip B; Mittal, Chaitanya; Moberg, Madeline E; Moghadam Fard, Atousa; Mohajelin, Seyedehfatemeh; Mohamadkhani, Ashraf; Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail; Mohamed, Jama; Mohamed, Mouhand F H; Mohamed, Nouh Saad; Mohammad, Ameen Mosa; Mohammadi, Soheil; Mohammed, Hussen; Mohammed, Mustapha; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mokdad, Ali H; Molokhia, Mariam; Momani, Shaher Mohammad; Momtazmanesh, Sara; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mondello, Stefania; Moni, Mohammad Ali; Montazeri, Fateme; Moodi Ghalibaf, AmirAli; Moradi, Maryam; Moradi, Yousef; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Moreira, Rafael Silveira; Morovatdar, Negar; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Mosser, Jonathan F; Mossialos, Elias; Motappa, Rohith; Mougin, Vincent; Mousavi, Parsa; Mrejen, Matías; Mubarik, Sumaira; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mulita, Francesk; Munjal, Kavita; Murillo-Zamora, Efrén; Musallam, Khaled M; Musina, Ana-Maria; Mustafa, Ghulam; Myung, Woojae; Nafei, Ayoub; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Naghavi, Pirouz; Naik, Ganesh R; Naik, Gurudatta; Nainu, Firzan; Najdaghi, Soroush; Nakhostin Ansari, Noureddin; Nangia, Vinay; Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas; Nargus, Shumaila; Narimani Davani, Delaram; Nascimento, Bruno Ramos; Nascimento, Gustavo G; Naser, Abdallah Y; Nashwan, Abdulqadir J; Natto, Zuhair S; Nauman, Javaid; Navaratna, Samidi N K; Naveed, Muhammad; Nawsherwan; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Nayak, Vinod C; Negash, Hadush; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria; Nejjari, Chakib; Nematollahi, Soroush; Netsere, Henok Biresaw; Ng, Marie; Nguefack-Tsague, Georges; Ngunjiri, Josephine W; Nguyen, Anh Hoang; Nguyen, Dang H; Nguyen, Duc Hoang; Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien; Nguyen, Nhan; Nguyen, Nhien Ngoc Y; Nguyen, Phat Tuan; Nguyen, QuynhAnh P; Nguyen, Van Thanh; Nguyen Tran Minh, Duc; Niazi, Robina Khan; Nigatu, Yeshambel T; Niknam, Mahdieh; Nikoobar, Ali; Nikpoor, Amin Reza; Nikravangolsefid, Nasrin; Noman, Efaq Ali; Nomura, Shuhei; Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed; Noroozi, Nafise; Nouri, Mehran; Nozari, Majid; Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi; Ntaios, George; Nunemo, Mengistu H; Nurrika, Dieta; Nutor, Jerry John; Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe; Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet; Oancea, Bogdan; Obamiro, Kehinde O; Odetokun, Ismail A; Oduro, Michael Safo; Ogundijo, Oluwaseun Adeolu; Ogunfowokan, Adesola Adenike; Ogunkoya, Abiola; Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru; Oh, In-Hwan; Ojo-Akosile, Tolulope R; Okati-Aliabad, Hassan; Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul; Okonji, Osaretin Christabel; Olagunju, Andrew T; Olatubi, Matthew Idowu; Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris; Omar, Hany A; Omer, Goran Latif; Ong, Sokking; Onie, Sandersan; Onwujekwe, Obinna E; Opejin, Abdulahi Opejin; Ordak, Michal; Orish, Verner N; Ortiz, Alberto; Ortiz-Prado, Esteban; Osman, Wael M S; Ostojic, Sergej M; Ostroff, Samuel M; Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi; Otoiu, Adrian; Otstavnov, Stanislav S; Ouyahia, Amel; Owolabi, Mayowa O; Oyeyemi, Oyetunde T; Ozair, Ahmad; P A, Mahesh Padukudru; Padron-Monedero, Alicia; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pal, Pramod Kumar; Palicz, Tamás; Pan, Feng; Pan, Hai-Feng; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Anamika; Pando-Robles, Victoria; Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha; Panos, Georgios D; Panos, Leonidas D; Pantazopoulos, Ioannis; Pantea Stoian, Anca Mihaela; Parikh, Romil R; Park, Eun-Kee; Park, Seoyeon; Park, Sungchul; Parsons, Nicholas; Parthasarathi, Ashwaghosha; Pasovic, Maja; Passera, Roberto; Patel, Jay; Pathan, Aslam Ramjan; Patil, Shankargouda; Patoulias, Dimitrios; Pawar, Shrikant; Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza; Pease, Spencer A; Peden, Amy E; Pedersini, Paolo; Pensato, Umberto; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Peprah, Prince; Pereira, Marcos; Pereira, Maria Odete; Perianayagam, Arokiasamy; Perico, Norberto; Perna, Simone; Pesudovs, Konrad; Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily; Pham, Hoang Tran; Philip, Anil K; Phillips, Michael R; Pigeolet, Manon; Piradov, Michael A; Pisoni, Enrico; Plotnikov, Evgenii; Poddighe, Dimitri; Polibin, Roman V; Poluru, Ramesh; Ponkilainen, Ville T; Popovic, Djordje S; Postma, Maarten J; Pour-Rashidi, Ahmad; Prabhu, Disha; Prada, Sergio I; Pradhan, Jalandhar; Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh; Prashant, Akila; Prates, Elton Junio Sady; Priscilla, Tina; Purnobasuki, Hery; Purohit, Bharathi M; Puvvula, Jagadeesh; Qasim, Nameer Hashim; Qattea, Ibrahim; Qazi, Asma Saleem; Qian, Gangzhen; Rabiee Rad, Mehrdad; Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman; Raeisi Shahraki, Hadi; Rafferty, Quinn; Raggi, Alberto; Raggi, Cat; Raheem, Nasiru; Rahim, Fakher; Rahim, Md Jillur; Rahimibarghani, Sarvenaz; Rahman, Md Mijanur Mijanur Rahman; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rahman, Tafhimur; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Rahmanian, Mohammad; Rahmanian, Nazanin; Rahmati, Rahem; Rahmawaty, Setyaningrum; Raimondo, Diego; Raja, Adarsh; Rajput, Prashant; Ramadan, Majed; Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran; Ramazanu, Sheena; Ramteke, Pramod W; Rana, Kritika; Rana, Rishabh Kumar; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Rane, Amey; Rao, Chythra R; Rao, Mithun; Rasella, Davide; Rashedi, Vahid; Rashid, Ahmed Mustafa; Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan; Rastogi, Prateek; Rasul, Azad; Rathish, Devarajan; Rathnaiah Babu, Giridhara; Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar; Ravangard, Ramin; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Raza, Rabail Zehra; Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed; Reifels, Lennart; Reitsma, Marissa B; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Rengasamy, Kannan RR; Reshmi, Bhageerathy; Resnikoff, Serge; Restaino, Stefano; Reyes, Luis Felipe; Rezaei, Nazila; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Zahra Sadat; Rezaeian, Mohsen; Rhee, Taeho Gregory; Rickard, Jennifer; Robalik, Toshana; Robinson-Oden, Hannah Elizabeth; Rocha, Hermano Alexandre Lima; Rodrigues, Mónica; Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia; Roever, Leonardo; Romadlon, Debby Syahru; Ronfani, Luca; Rony, Moustaq karim khan; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rotimi, Kunle; Rout, Himanshu Sekhar; Roy, Bedanta; Rubagotti, Enrico; Ruela, Guilherme de Andrade; Rumisha, Susan Fred; Runghien, Tilleye; Russo, Michele; Saad, Aly M A; Saber, Korosh; Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed; Sabet, Cameron John; Sabour, Siamak; Sachdev, Perminder S; Saddler, Adam; Sadee, Bashdar Abuzed; Sadeghi, Masoumeh; Saeb, Mohammad Reza; Saeed, Umar; Safi, Sher Zaman; Sagar, Rajesh; Saghafi, Alireza; Sagoe, Dominic; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahoo, Pragyan Monalisa; Sajid, Mirza Rizwan; Salam, Nasir; Salamati, Payman; Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa; Saleh, Mohamed A; Salehi, Leili; Salem, Marwa Rashad; Salemcity, Aanuoluwa James; Salimi, Sohrab; Samadi Kafil, Hossein; Samargandy, Saad; Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo; Samy, Abdallah M; Sanabria, Juan; Sanna, Francesca; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M; Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Saravanan, Aswini; Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo; Sarode, Gargi Sachin; Sarode, Sachin C; Sartorius, Benn; Satpathy, Maheswar; Sayeed, Abu; Scarmeas, Nikolaos; Schaarschmidt, Benedikt Michael; Schinckus, Christophe; Schuermans, Art; Schumacher, Austin E; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Schwebel, David C; Schwendicke, Falk; Selvaraj, Siddharthan; Semreen, Mohammad H; Senapati, Sabyasachi; Sengupta, Pallav; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Serban, Dragos; Sethi, Yashendra; Seylani, Allen; Shafie, Mahan; Shah, Pritik A; Shahbandi, Ataollah; Shahid, Samiah; Shahid, Wajeehah; Shahsavari, Hamid R; Shahwan, Moyad Jamal; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shalash, Ali S; Shamekh, Ali; Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib; Shanawaz, Mohd; Shankar, Abhishek; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharath, Medha; Sharfaei, Sadaf; Sharifan, Amin; Sharifi-Rad, Javad; Sharma, Anupam; Sharma, Manoj; Sharma, Saurab; Sharma, Vishal; Shastry, Rajesh P; Shayan, Maryam; Shekhar, Shashank; Shenoy, Rekha R; Shetty, Mahabalesh; Shetty, Pavanchand H; Shetty, Premalatha K; Shi, Peilin; Shiani, Amir; Shigematsu, Mika; Shimels, Tariku; Shiri, Rahman; Shittu, Aminu; Shiue, Ivy; Shivakumar, K M; Shool, Sina; Shorofi, Seyed Afshin; Shrestha, Sunil; Shuval, Kerem; Si, Yafei; Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar; Sidhu, Jaspreet Kaur; Silva, João Pedro; Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues; Silva, Soraia; Silva, Thales Philipe R; Simpson, Colin R; Simpson, Kyle E; Singh, Abhinav; Singh, Balbir Bagicha; Singh, Baljinder; Singh, Harmanjit; Singh, Jasbir; Singh, Paramdeep; Singh, Puneetpal; Skou, Søren T; Smith, Georgia; Sobia, Farrukh; Socea, Bogdan; Solanki, Shipra; Soleimani, Hamidreza; Soliman, Sameh S M; Song, Yi; Soyiri, Ireneous N; Spartalis, Michael; Spearman, Sandra; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T; Stanaway, Jeffrey D; Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon; Starodubova, Antonina V; Stein, Dan J; Steiner, Caitlyn; Steiropoulos, Paschalis; Stockfelt, Leo; Stokes, Mark A; Straif, Kurt; Subedi, Narayan; Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan; Sultana, Abida; Sun, Jing; Sundström, Johan; Swain, Chandan Kumar; Szarpak, Lukasz; Szeto, Mindy D; Tabaee Damavandi, Payam; Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabatabaei Malazy, Ozra; Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir; Tabatabai, Shima; Tabb, Karen M; Tabche, Celine; Tabish, Mohammad; Taheri Abkenar, Yasaman; Taheri Soodejani, Moslem; Taiba, Jabeen; Talaat, Iman M; Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze; Tan, Ker-Kan; Tang, Haosu; Tat, Nathan Y; Tavakoli Oliaee, Razieh; Tavangar, Seyed Mohammad; Taveira, Nuno; 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Yang, Danting; Yano, Yuichiro; Yarahmadi, Amir; Yazdani Nia, Iman; Ye, Pengpeng; Yesodharan, Renjulal; Yesuf, Subah Abderehim; Yezli, Saber; Yiğit, Arzu; Yiğit, Vahit; Yigzaw, Zeamanuel Anteneh; Yin, Dehui; Yip, Paul; Yonemoto, Naohiro; You, Yuyi; Younis, Mustafa Z; Yu, Chuanhua; Yu, Elaine A; Yu, Yong; Yuan, Chun-Wei; Yusuf, Hadiza; Zafar, Uzma; Zafari, Nima; Zahid, Mondal Hasan; Zakham, Fathiah; Zaki, Nazar; Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Zhang, Haijun; Zhang, Jingya; Zhang, Liqun; Zhang, Yunquan; Zhang, Zhiqiang; Zhao, Xiu-Ju George; Zhao, Yang; Zhao, Zhongyi; Zhong, Chenwen; Zhou, Bolun; Zhou, Juexiao; Zhou, Shangcheng; Zhu, Bin; Zhumagaliuly, Abzal; Zielińska, Magdalena; Zoghi, Ghazal; Zumla, Alimuddin; Zyoud, Sa'ed H; Zyoud, Samer H; Smith, Amanda E; Murray, Christopher J L... more authors ... less authors ( Elsevier , 2024 , Article)BackgroundFuture trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and ...