A Multi-Institutional Study of Yemeni Final Year Undergraduate Pharmacy Students’ Understanding, Attitudes, and Perceived Barriers Toward Provision of Pharmaceutical Care: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Pharmaceutical care (PC) is the philosophy of the pharmacist’s practice to achieve a better health-related outcome by designing, implementing and monitoring the therapeutic plans. It is in its infancy in Yemen. Hence, the study objectives were to examine the barriers to PC provision as perceived by Yemen pharmacy students and to assess their level of understanding of PC and their attitudes toward PC. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among ten pharmacy colleges in Yemen, offering undergraduate pharmacy programs. A stratified sample of 518 students from the included universities were surveyed using a well-structured, validated and selfadministered questionnaire. Chi-square, Mann–Whitney U, and Kruskal–Wallis tests were conducted at an alpha level of 0.05. Results: Four hundred and seventy-five (475) participants were included (92.9% response rate). More than 17% (n=84) of participants were involved in Pharm.D program, and nearly 29.9% (n=142) preferred pharmaceutical marketing as a career after graduation. About 65% of participants recognized the purpose of PC, and pharmacists’ role within PC. However, only 43.8% (n=208) knew the difference between clinical pharmacy and PC. About 82% of respondents showed very good attitudes toward PC. Pharm.D students showed higher attitudes’ total scores, median (IQR): 4.3 (4.1–4.4), 4.2 (4–4.2) and 4 (3.9–4.2) for Pharm.D, bachelor of pharmacy and bachelor of clinical pharmacy respectively, (p-value = 0.032). Moreover, students who currently employed in pharmacy-related job during their study were also associated with high attitudes scores compared to unemployed students, median (IQR): 4.2 (4–4.4) and 4(3.9–4.1) respectively (p-value = 0.023). “Lack of access to the patient medical record in the pharmacy” and “inadequate (hospital and community pharmacy) internship period” were the top reported barriers with 81.5% (n=387) agreement. Conclusion: Although PC is in its infancy in Yemen, pharmacy students showed positive attitudes toward practicing PC. Educational institutions should exert efforts for curricular revision to improve understanding, and overcome the reported barriers in the future.