An evaluation of tocotrienol ethosomes for transdermal delivery using Strat-M® membrane and excised human skin
Author | Nair, Rajesh Sreedharan |
Author | Billa, Nashiru |
Author | Leong, Chee Onn |
Author | Morris, Andrew P. |
Available date | 2023-07-31T09:44:03Z |
Publication Date | 2021-01-01 |
Publication Name | Pharmaceutical Development and Technology |
Identifier | http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2020.1860087 |
Citation | Nair, R. S., Billa, N., Leong, C. O., & Morris, A. P. (2021). An evaluation of tocotrienol ethosomes for transdermal delivery using Strat-M® membrane and excised human skin. Pharmaceutical development and technology, 26(2), 243-251. |
ISSN | 10837450 |
Abstract | Tocotrienol (TRF) ethosomes were developed and evaluated in vitro for potential transdermal delivery against melanoma. The optimised TRF ethosomal size ranged between 64.9 ± 2.2 nm to 79.6 ± 3.9 nm and zeta potential (ZP) between −53.3 mV to −62.0 ± 2.6 mV. Characterisation of the ethosomes by ATR-FTIR indicated the successful formation of TRF-ethosomes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated the spherical shape of ethosomes, and the entrapment efficiencies of all the formulations were above 66%. In vitro permeation studies using full-thickness human skin showed that the permeation of gamma-T3 from the TRF ethosomal formulations was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than from the control. The cumulative amount of gamma-T3 permeated from TRF ethosome after 48 hours was 1.03 ± 0.24 µg cm−2 with a flux of 0.03 ± 0.01 µg cm−2 h−1. Furthermore, the flux of gamma-T3 across the Strat-M ® and the epidermal membrane was significantly higher than that across full-thickness human skin (p < 0.05). In vitro cytotoxicity studies on HaCat cells showed significantly higher cell viability than the pure drug solution (p < 0.05). The enhanced skin permeation and high cell viability associated with this formulation suggest a promising carrier for transdermal delivery. |
Sponsor | The present work was funded by the University of Nottingham Malaysia (UNM) and through the open access funding provided by the Qatar National Library. The authors are grateful to ExcelVite Sdn. Bhd. (Perak, Malaysia) for providing TRF and tocotrienol standards. |
Language | en |
Publisher | Taylor and Francis Ltd. |
Subject | cell-viability ethosomes human skin permeation Transdermal TRF |
Type | Article |
Pagination | 243-251 |
Issue Number | 2 |
Volume Number | 26 |
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