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AuthorSankaran, Rajendran
AuthorAl-Khayat, Jassim A.
AuthorJ, Aravinth
AuthorChatting, Mark Edward
AuthorSadooni, Fadhil N.
AuthorAl-Kuwari, Hamad Al Saad
Available date2024-01-27T20:52:58Z
Publication Date2023-12-15
Publication NameScience of the Total Environment
Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166875
CitationSankaran, R., Al-Khayat, J. A., Aravinth, J., Chatting, M. E., Sadooni, F. N., & Al-Kuwari, H. A. S. (2023). Retrieval of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the Arabian Gulf water of arid region by Sentinel-2 data. Science of the Total Environment, 904, 166875.‏
ISSN00489697
URIhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85170259687&origin=inward
URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10576/51188
AbstractSuspended sediment concentration (SSC) in water increases temperature and turbidity, limits the photosynthesis of aquatic plants, and reduces biologically available oxygen. It is important to study SSC in the coastal waters of the Arabian Gulf. Thus, this study mapped the SSC of coastal water between Al Arish and Al Ghariyah in northern Qatar using the spectral bands of the MultiSpectral Imager (MSI) of Sentinel-2 by calculating the Normalized Difference Suspended Sediment Index and Normalized Suspended Material Index. The results are studied using the Normalized Difference Turbidity Index and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index. The mapping of SSC in the water using NDSSI showed the presence of a high concentration of suspended sediments between Al Arish and Al Mafjar and a low concentration between Al Mafjar and Al Ghariyah. The mapping of NSMI showed values between 0.012 (clear water) and 0.430 (more suspended material) for the occurrence of suspended materials and supported the results of NDSSI. The study of turbidity using an NDTI image showed turbidity index values ranging from −0.44 (clear water) to 0.12 (high turbidity) and confirmed the occurrence and distribution of suspended sediments and materials in the water. The MNDWI image was able to discriminate clear water with bright pixels from silty sand and mud flats. The relationships between NDSSI, NSMI, and NDTI were correlated with in-situ measurements and studied to find suitable indices to map SSC. Regression analyses showed the strongest relationship between NSMI and NDTI (R2 = 0.95) next to NDSSI and NDTI, where NDTI had the strongest effect on NDSSI (R2 = 0.86). The satellite data results were evaluated by studying the physical parameters and spatial distribution of suspended sediments in the surface and bottom waters. In addition, the grain size distributions, mineral identification, and chemical element concentrations in the bottom sediment samples were studied.
SponsorThis study is supported by Qatar University Grant no. QUEX-ESC-QAFCO-20/21-1 . The Copernicus, European Space Agency is thanked for sharing the Sentinel-2 data through the sentinel open access hub ( https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/sentinel-data-access ). Mr. Fahad Syed Asim, Mr. Faisal Muthar Al-Quaiti, and Mr. Reyniel M. Gasang are thanked for their support in the fieldwork. The sediment samples for different analyses are organized by Ms.Thoraya Haidar S A ِAlyafei. The grain size analysis is carried out by Ms. Amal Ahmed Ibrahim Ismail. Mr. Abdulla Al Ashraf, CAM is thanked for the XRD analysis of samples. Mr. Caesar Flonasca Sorino, Mr. Hamood Abdulla Alsaadi, and Ms. Marwa Mustufa Al-Azhari have analyzed major and trace element concentrations of sediment samples. The authors are thankful to Prof. Wei Ouyang, the Associate Editor and anonymous reviewers of the journal for the valuable reviews, providing comments and suggestions that have helped to present the work lucidly.
Languageen
PublisherElsevier B.V.
SubjectArabian Gulf
Gulf water
Qatar
Sentinel-2
Spectral indices
Suspended sediment concentration
TitleRetrieval of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the Arabian Gulf water of arid region by Sentinel-2 data
TypeArticle
Volume Number904
dc.accessType Open Access


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