Molecular exploration of natural and synthetic compounds databases for promising hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) Prolyl-4- hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibitors using molecular simulation and free energy calculations

Abstract

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that regulate erythropoietin (EPO) synthesis and red blood cell (RBC) production. Prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes are key regulators of HIF's stability and activity. Inhibiting PHD enzymes can enhance HIF-mediated responses and have therapeutic potential for diseases such as anemia, cancer, stroke, ischemia, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. In this study, we searched for novel PHD inhibitors from four databases of natural products and synthetic compounds: AfroDb Natural Products, AnalytiCon Discovery Natural Product (NP), HIM-Herbal Ingredients In-Vivo Metabolism, and Herbal Ingredients' Targets, with a total number of 13,597 compounds. We screened the candidate compounds by molecular docking and validated them by molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. We identified four target hits (ZINC36378940, ZINC2005305, ZINC31164438, and ZINC67910437) that showed stronger binding affinity to PHD2 compared to the positive control, Vadadustat (AKB-6548), with docking scores of ?�13.34 kcal/mol, ?�12.76 kcal/mol, ?�11.96 kcal/mol, ?�11.41 kcal/mol, and ?�9.04 kcal/mol, respectively. The target ligands chelated the active site iron and interacted with key residues (Arg 383, Tyr329, Tyr303) of PHD2, in a similar manner as Vadadustat. Moreover, the dynamic stability-based assessment revealed that they also exhibited stable dynamics and compact trajectories. Then the total binding free energy was calculated for each complex which revealed that the control has a TBE of ?�31.26 � 0.30 kcal/mol, ZINC36378940 reported a TBE of ?�38.65 � 0.51 kcal/mol, for the ZINC31164438 the TBE was ?�26.16 � 0.30 kcal/mol while the ZINC2005305 complex reported electrostatic energy of ?�32.75 � 0.58 kcal/mol. This shows that ZINC36378940 is the best hit than the other and therefore further investigation should be performed for the clinical usage. Our results suggest that these target hits are promising candidates that reserve further in vitro and in vivo validations as potential PHD inhibitors for the treatment of renal anemia, cancer, stroke, ischemia, neurodegeneration, and inflammation.