Resilience-robustness improvement by adaptable operating pattern for electric vehicles in complementary solar-vehicle management

Abstract

This paper proposes a model for energy resilience and robustness in the building by integrating minimum energy resources. The developed model utilizes the available electric vehicles (EVs) in the building while minimizes the solar energy integration. The planned resources, i.e., EV and solar energy, have complementary operating pattern resulting in minimum needed resources. The solar energy is available at day-time when the EV is not in the building and the EV is available at nighttime when the solar energy is zero. Such complementary operation is modeled and optimized by the given technique in order to minimize the investment cost and maximize the resilience. The resilience is improved by minimizing loss of energy (i.e., loss of load service) and the robustness is enhanced by restoring the critical loads under all possible events. An adaptable charging-discharging pattern is designed for the EV to supply the critical loads as well as handling the solar unavailability at the same time. The model successfully and efficiently restores all critical loads under all possible events in the building. The model also restores 51.5% of the critical loads under two concurrent events. The model is highly sensitive to the critical loads and reducing them by 10% decreases the loss of energy by about 15%. 2021 Elsevier Ltd