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    Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on smoking (waterpipe and cigarette) and participants' BMI across various sociodemographic groups in Arab countries in the Mediterranean Region

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    Date
    2022-11-01
    Author
    Al Sabbah, Haleama
    Assaf, Enas A.
    Taha, Zainab
    Qasrawi, Radwan
    Ismail, Leila Cheikh
    Al Dhaheri, Ayesha S.
    Hoteit, Maha
    Al-Jawaldeh, Ayoub
    Tayyem, Reema
    Bawadi, Hiba
    Alkhalaf, Majid
    Bookari, Khlood
    Kamel, Iman
    Dashti, Somaia
    Allehdan, Sabika
    Waly, Mostafa
    Al-Halawa, Diala Abu
    Mansour, Rania
    Ibrahim, Mohammed
    Al-Mannai, Mariam
    De Backer, Charlotte
    Van Royen, Kathleen
    Teunissen, Lauranna
    Cuykx, Isabelle
    Decorte, Paulien
    Ouvrein, Gaëlle
    Poels, Karolien
    Vandebosch, Heidi
    Maldoy, Katrien
    Pabian, Sara
    Matthys, Christophe
    Smits, Tim
    Vrinten, Jules
    DeSmet, Ann
    Teughels, Nelleke
    Geuens, Maggie
    Vermeir, Iris
    Proesmans, Viktor
    Hudders, Liselot
    Alalwan, Tariq Abdulkarim
    Al-Bayyari, Nahla
    Ibrahim, Mohammed O.
    Hammouh, Fadwa
    Dashti, Basma
    Alkharaif, Dhuha
    Alshatti, Amani
    Al Mazedi, Maryam
    Naim, Elissa
    Mortada, Hussein
    Ibrahim, Carla
    Hamdan, Motasem
    Agha, Hazem
    Othman, Manal
    Pakari, Jaafar
    Abu-El-Ruz, Rasha
    Arrish, Jamila
    Fallata, Ghadir A.
    Alhumaidan, Omar A.
    Alakeel, Shihana A.
    AlBuayjan, Norah A.
    Alkhunein, Sarah M.
    Binobaydan, Budur M.
    Alshaya, Aeshah A.
    Al Bloosh, Sharifa
    ...show more authors ...show less authors
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    Abstract
    INTRODUCTION: Tobacco smokers are at high risk of developing severe COVID-19. Lockdown was a chosen strategy to deal with the spread of infectious diseases; nonetheless, it influenced people's eating and smoking behaviors. The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on smoking (waterpipe and cigarette) behavior and its associations with sociodemographic characteristics and body mass index. METHODS: The data were derived from a large-scale retrospective cross-sectional study using a validated online international survey from 38 countries (n=37207) conducted between 17 April and 25 June 2020. The Eastern Mediterranean Region (WHO-EMR countries) data related to 10 Arabic countries that participated in this survey have been selected for analysis in this study. A total of 12433 participants were included in the analysis of this study, reporting their smoking behavior and their BMI before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between smoking practices and the participant's country of origin, sociodemographic characteristics, and BMI (kg/m2). RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence rate of smoking decreased significantly during the lockdown from 29.8% to 23.5% (p<0.05). The percentage of females who smoke was higher than males among the studied population. The highest smoking prevalence was found in Lebanon (33.2%), and the lowest was in Oman (7.9%). In Egypt, Kuwait, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia, the data showed a significant difference in the education level of smokers before and during the lockdown (p<0.05). Smokers in Lebanon had lower education levels than those in other countries, where the majority of smokers had a Bachelor's degree. The findings show that the BMI rates in Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, and Saudi Arabia significantly increased during the lockdown (p<0.05). The highest percentages of obesity among smokers before the lockdown were in Oman (33.3%), followed by Bahrain (28.4%) and Qatar (26.4%), whereas, during the lockdown, the percentage of obese smokers was highest in Bahrain (32.1%) followed by Qatar (31.3%) and Oman (25%). According to the logistic regression model, the odds ratio of smoking increased during the pandemic, whereas the odds ratio of TV watching decreased. This finding was statistically significant by age, gender, education level, country of residence, and work status. CONCLUSIONS: Although the overall rates of smoking among the studied countries decreased during the lockdown period, we cannot attribute this change in smoking behavior to the lockdown. Smoking cessation services need to anticipate that unexpected disruptions, such as pandemic lockdowns, may be associated with changes in daily tobacco consumption. Public health authorities should promote the adoption of healthy lifestyles to reduce the long-term negative effects of the lockdown.
    URI
    https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85144910787&origin=inward
    DOI/handle
    http://dx.doi.org/10.18332/tid/155007
    http://hdl.handle.net/10576/38650
    Collections
    • COVID-19 Research [‎436‎ items ]
    • Human Nutrition [‎266‎ items ]

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