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    A cross-sectional study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological outcomes: Multiple indicators and multiple causes modeling

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    Date
    2022
    Author
    Aljaberi, Musheer A.
    Alareqe, Naser A.
    Alsalahi, Abdulsamad
    Qasem, Mousa A.
    Noman, Sarah
    Uzir, Md. Uzir Hossain
    Mohammed, Lubna Ali
    Fares, Zine El Abiddine
    Lin, Chung-Ying
    Abdallah, Atiyeh M.
    Hamat, Rukman Awang
    Rani, Mohd Dzulkhairi Mohd
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    Abstract
    Although the psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been evaluated in the literature, further research is needed, particularly on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychological outcomes, is needed. This study aims to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological outcomes (depression, anxiety, and insomnia). A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted using the following instruments: Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation model (SEM), multiple indicators and multiple causes (MIMIC) modeling, and differential item functioning (DIF) were performed to analyze the collected data. According to the results, participants with PTSD (n = 360) showed a higher level of depression, anxiety, and insomnia than those without PTSD (n = 639). Among the participants, 36.5% experienced moderate to severe symptoms of depression, and 32.6% had mild depressive symptoms. Moreover, 23.7% of participants experienced moderate to severe anxiety symptoms, and 33.1% had mild anxiety symptoms. In addition, 51.5% of participants experienced symptoms of insomnia. In conclusion, the PTSD caused by COVID-19 is significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and insomnia at the level of latent constructs and observed variables.
    DOI/handle
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277368
    http://hdl.handle.net/10576/47777
    Collections
    • Biomedical Sciences [‎802‎ items ]
    • COVID-19 Research [‎848‎ items ]

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