Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes
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Date
2022-06-15Author
Romdhani, MohamedFullagar, Hugh H.K.
Vitale, Jacopo A.
Nédélec, Mathieu
Rae, Dale E.
Ammar, Achraf
Chtourou, Hamdi
Al Horani, Ramzi A.
Ben Saad, Helmi
Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi
Dönmez, Gürhan
Dergaa, Ismail
Driss, Tarak
Farooq, Abdulaziz
Hammouda, Omar
Harroum, Nesrine
Hassanmirzaei, Bahar
Khalladi, Karim
Khemila, Syrine
Mataruna-Dos-Santos, Leonardo Jose
Moussa-Chamari, Imen
Mujika, Iñigo
Muñoz Helú, Hussein
Norouzi Fashkhami, Amin
Paineiras-Domingos, Laisa Liane
Khaneghah, Mehrshad Rahbari
Saita, Yoshitomo
Souissi, Nizar
Trabelsi, Khaled
Washif, Jad Adrian
Weber, Johanna
Zmijewski, Piotr
Taylor, Lee
Garbarino, Sergio
Chamari, Karim
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Show full item recordAbstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of 1) lockdown duration and 2) training intensity on sleep quality and insomnia symptoms in elite athletes. Methods: 1,454 elite athletes (24.1 ± 6.7 years; 42% female; 41% individual sports) from 40 countries answered a retrospective, cross-sectional, web-based questionnaire relating to their behavioral habits pre- and during- COVID-19 lockdown, including: 1) Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI); 2) Insomnia severity index (ISI); bespoke questions about 3) napping; and 4) training behaviors. The association between dependent (PSQI and ISI) and independent variables (sleep, napping and training behaviors) was determined with multiple regression and is reported as semi-partial correlation coefficient squared (in percentage). Results: 15% of the sample spent < 1 month, 27% spent 1–2 months and 58% spent > 2 months in lockdown. 29% self-reported maintaining the same training intensity during-lockdown whilst 71% reduced training intensity. PSQI (4.1 ± 2.4 to 5.8 ± 3.1; mean difference (MD): 1.7; 95% confidence interval of the difference (95% CI): 1.6–1.9) and ISI (5.1 ± 4.7 to 7.7 ± 6.4; MD: 2.6; 95% CI: 2.3–2.9) scores were higher during-compared to pre-lockdown, associated (all p < 0.001) with longer sleep onset latency (PSQI: 28%; ISI: 23%), later bedtime (PSQI: 13%; ISI: 14%) and later preferred time of day to train (PSQI: 9%; ISI: 5%) during-lockdown. Those who reduced training intensity during-lockdown showed higher PSQI (p < 0.001; MD: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.87–1.63) and ISI (p < 0.001; MD: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.72–3.27) scores compared to those who maintained training intensity. Although PSQI score was not affected by the lockdown duration, ISI score was higher in athletes who spent > 2 months confined compared to those who spent < 1 month (p < 0.001; MD: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.26–2.3). Conclusion: Reducing training intensity during the COVID-19-induced lockdown was associated with lower sleep quality and higher insomnia severity in elite athletes. Lockdown duration had further disrupting effects on elite athletes’ sleep behavior. These findings could be of relevance in future lockdown or lockdown-like situations (e.g., prolonged illness, injury, and quarantine after international travel).
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