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AuthorRomdhani, Mohamed
AuthorRae, Dale E.
AuthorNédélec, Mathieu
AuthorAmmar, Achraf
AuthorChtourou, Hamdi
AuthorAl Horani, Ramzi
AuthorBen Saad, Helmi
AuthorBragazzi, Nicola
AuthorDönmez, Gürhan
AuthorDriss, Tarak
AuthorFullagar, Hugh H.K.
AuthorFarooq, Abdulaziz
AuthorGarbarino, Sergio
AuthorHammouda, Omar
AuthorHassanmirzaei, Bahar
AuthorKhalladi, Karim
AuthorKhemila, Syrine
AuthorMataruna-Dos-Santos, Leonardo Jose
AuthorMoussa-Chamari, Imen
AuthorMujika, Iñigo
AuthorMuñoz Helú, Hussein
AuthorNorouzi Fashkhami, Amin
AuthorPaineiras-Domingos, Laisa Liane
AuthorRahbari Khaneghah, Mehrshad
AuthorSaita, Yoshitomo
AuthorTrabelsi, Khaled
AuthorVitale, Jacopo Antonino
AuthorWashif, Jad Adrian
AuthorWeber, Johanna
AuthorSouissi, Nizar
AuthorTaylor, Lee
AuthorChamari, Karim
Available date2023-12-14T08:30:11Z
Publication Date2021-12-08
Publication NameSports Medicine
Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01601-y
CitationRomdhani, M., Rae, D. E., Nédélec, M., Ammar, A., Chtourou, H., Al Horani, R., ... & Chamari, K. (2022). COVID-19 lockdowns: a worldwide survey of circadian rhythms and sleep quality in 3911 athletes from 49 countries, with data-driven recommendations. Sports Medicine, 52(6), 1433-1448.
ISSN0112-1642
URIhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85120809918&origin=inward
URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10576/50422
AbstractObjective: In a convenience sample of athletes, we conducted a survey of COVID-19-mediated lockdown (termed ‘lockdown’ from this point forward) effects on: (i) circadian rhythms; (ii) sleep; (iii) eating; and (iv) training behaviors. Methods: In total, 3911 athletes [mean age: 25.1 (range 18–61) years, 1764 female (45%), 2427 team-sport (63%) and 1442 elite (37%) athletes] from 49 countries completed a multilingual cross-sectional survey including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index questionnaires, alongside bespoke questions about napping, training, and nutrition behaviors. Results: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (4.3 ± 2.4 to 5.8 ± 3.1) and Insomnia Severity Index (4.8 ± 4.7 to 7.2 ± 6.4) scores increased from pre- to during lockdown (p < 0.001). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was predominantly influenced by sleep-onset latency (p < 0.001; + 29.8%), sleep efficiency (p < 0.001; − 21.1%), and total sleep time (p < 0.001; − 20.1%), whilst Insomnia Severity Index was affected by sleep-onset latency (p < 0.001; + 21.4%), bedtime (p < 0.001; + 9.4%), and eating after midnight (p < 0.001; + 9.1%). During lockdown, athletes reported fewer training sessions per week (− 29.1%; d = 0.99). Athletes went to bed (+ 75 min; 5.4%; d = 1.14) and woke up (+ 150 min; 34.5%; d = 1.71) later during lockdown with an increased total sleep time (+ 48 min; 10.6%; d = 0.83). Lockdown-mediated circadian disruption had more deleterious effects on the sleep quality of individual-sport athletes compared with team-sport athletes (p < 0.001; d = 0.41), elite compared with non-elite athletes (p = 0.028; d = 0.44) and older compared with younger (p = 0.008; d = 0.46) athletes. Conclusions: These lockdown-induced behavioral changes reduced sleep quality and increased insomnia in athletes. Data-driven and evidence-based recommendations to counter these include, but are not limited to: (i) early outdoor training; (ii) regular meal scheduling (whilst avoiding meals prior to bedtime and caffeine in the evening) with appropriate composition; (iii) regular bedtimes and wake-up times; and (iv) avoidance of long and/or late naps.
Languageen
PublisherSpringer Nature
SubjectPittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Insomnia Severity Index
TitleCOVID-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes from 49 Countries, with Data-Driven Recommendations
TypeArticle
Pagination1433-1448
Issue Number6
Volume Number52
ESSN1179-2035
dc.accessType Open Access


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