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AuthorStein Emil, Vollset
AuthorAbabneh, Hazim S
AuthorAbate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis
AuthorAbbafati, Cristiana
AuthorAbbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh
AuthorAbbasian, Mohammadreza
AuthorAbbastabar, Hedayat
AuthorAbd Al Magied, Abdallah H A
AuthorAbd ElHafeez, Samar
AuthorAbdelkader, Atef
AuthorAbdelmasseh, Michael
AuthorAbd-Elsalam, Sherief
AuthorAbdi, Parsa
AuthorAbdollahi, Mohammad
AuthorAbdoun, Meriem
AuthorAbdullahi, Auwal
AuthorAbebe, Mesfin
AuthorAbiodun, Olumide
AuthorAboagye, Richard Gyan
AuthorAbolhassani, Hassan
AuthorAbouzid, Mohamed
AuthorAboye, Girma Beressa
AuthorAbreu, Lucas Guimarães
AuthorAbsalan, Abdorrahim
AuthorAbualruz, Hasan
AuthorAbubakar, Bilyaminu
AuthorAbukhadijah, Hana Jihad Jihad
AuthorAddolorato, Giovanni
AuthorAdekanmbi, Victor
AuthorAdetunji, Charles Oluwaseun
AuthorAdetunji, Juliana Bunmi
AuthorAdeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther
AuthorAdha, Rishan
AuthorAdhikary, Ripon Kumar
AuthorAdnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
AuthorAdzigbli, Leticia Akua
AuthorAfrashteh, Fatemeh
AuthorAfzal, Muhammad Sohail
AuthorAfzal, Saira
AuthorAgbozo, Faith
AuthorAgodi, Antonella
AuthorAgrawal, Anurag
AuthorAgyemang-Duah, Williams
AuthorAhinkorah, Bright Opoku
AuthorAhlstrom, Austin J
AuthorAhmad, Aqeel
AuthorAhmad, Firdos
AuthorAhmad, Muayyad M
AuthorAhmad, Sajjad
AuthorAhmad, Shahzaib
AuthorAhmed, Anisuddin
AuthorAhmed, Ayman
AuthorAhmed, Haroon
AuthorAhmed, Safoora
AuthorAhmed, Syed Anees
AuthorAkinosoglou, Karolina
AuthorAkkaif, Mohammed Ahmed
AuthorAkrami, Ashley E
AuthorAkter, Ema
AuthorAl Awaidy, Salah
AuthorAl Hasan, Syed Mahfuz
AuthorAl Mosa, Amjad S
AuthorAl Ta'ani, Omar
AuthorAl Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed
AuthorAlahdab, Fares
AuthorAlajlani, Muaaz M
AuthorAl-Ajlouni, Yazan
AuthorAlalalmeh, Samer O
AuthorAl-Aly, Ziyad
AuthorAlam, Khurshid
AuthorAlam, Noore
AuthorAlam, Tahiya
AuthorAlam, Zufishan
AuthorAl-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa
AuthorAlanezi, Fahad Mashhour
AuthorAlanzi, Turki M
AuthorAlbakri, Almaza
AuthorAldhaleei, Wafa A
AuthorAldridge, Robert W
AuthorAlemohammad, Seyedeh Yasaman
AuthorAlemu, Yihun Mulugeta
AuthorAl-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed
AuthorAl-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled
AuthorAli, Abid
AuthorAli, Amjad
AuthorAli, Iman
AuthorAli, Mohammed Usman
AuthorAli, Rafat
AuthorAli, Syed Shujait Shujait
AuthorAli, Victor Ekoche
AuthorAli, Waad
AuthorAl-Ibraheem, Akram
AuthorAlicandro, Gianfranco
AuthorAlif, Sheikh Mohammad
AuthorAljunid, Syed Mohamed
AuthorAlla, François
AuthorAlmazan, Joseph Uy
AuthorAl-Mekhlafi, Hesham M
AuthorAlqutaibi, Ahmed Yaseen
AuthorAlrawashdeh, Ahmad
AuthorAlrousan, Sahel Majed
AuthorAl-Sabah, Salman Khalifah
AuthorAlsabri, Mohammed A
AuthorAltaany, Zaid
AuthorAl-Tammemi, Ala'a B.
AuthorAl-Tawfiq, Jaffar A
AuthorAltirkawi, Khalid A
AuthorAluh, Deborah Oyine
AuthorAlvis-Guzman, Nelson
AuthorAl-Wardat, Mohammad Sami
AuthorAl-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed
AuthorAly, Hany
AuthorAlyahya, Mohammad Sharif
AuthorAlzoubi, Karem H
AuthorAl-Zyoud, Walid
AuthorAmani, Reza
AuthorAmeyaw, Edward Kwabena
AuthorAmin, Tarek Tawfik
AuthorAmindarolzarbi, Alireza
AuthorAmiri, Sohrab
AuthorAmirzade-Iranaq, Mohammad Hosein
AuthorAmu, Hubert
AuthorAmugsi, Dickson A
AuthorAncuceanu, Robert
AuthorAnderlini, Deanna
AuthorAnderson, David B
AuthorAndrade, Pedro Prata
AuthorAndrei, Catalina Liliana
AuthorAndrei, Tudorel
AuthorAndrews, Erick Adrian
AuthorAnil, Abhishek
AuthorAnil, Sneha
AuthorAnoushiravani, Amir
AuthorAntony, Catherine M
AuthorAntriyandarti, Ernoiz
AuthorAnuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen
AuthorAnvari, Saeid
AuthorAnyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward
AuthorAppiah, Francis
AuthorAquilano, Michele
AuthorArab, Juan Pablo
AuthorArabloo, Jalal
AuthorArafa, Elshaimaa A
AuthorArafat, Mosab
AuthorAravkin, Aleksandr Y
AuthorArdekani, Ali
AuthorAreda, Demelash
AuthorAregawi, Brhane Berhe
AuthorAremu, Abdulfatai
AuthorAriffin, Hany
AuthorArkew, Mesay
AuthorArmani, Keivan
AuthorArtamonov, Anton A
AuthorArumugam, Ashokan
AuthorAsghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad
AuthorAshbaugh, Charlie
AuthorAstell-Burt, Thomas
AuthorAthari, Seyyed Shamsadin
AuthorAtorkey, Prince
AuthorAtout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi
AuthorAujayeb, Avinash
AuthorAusloos, Marcel
AuthorAwad, Hamzeh
AuthorAwotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu
AuthorAyatollahi, Haleh
AuthorAyuso-Mateos, Jose L
AuthorAzadnajafabad, Sina
AuthorAzeez, Fahad Khan
AuthorAzevedo, Rui M S
AuthorBadar, Muhammad
AuthorBaghdadi, Soroush
AuthorBagheri, Mahboube
AuthorBagheri, Nasser
AuthorBai, Ruhai
AuthorBaker, Jennifer L
AuthorBako, Abdulaziz T
AuthorBalakrishnan, Senthilkumar
AuthorBalcha, Wondu Feyisa
AuthorBaltatu, Ovidiu Constantin
AuthorBarchitta, Martina
AuthorBardideh, Erfan
AuthorBarker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn
AuthorBärnighausen, Till Winfried
AuthorBarqawi, Hiba Jawdat
AuthorBarteit, Sandra
AuthorBasiru, Afisu
AuthorBasso, João Diogo
AuthorBastan, Mohammad-Mahdi
AuthorBasu, Sanjay
AuthorBauckneht, Matteo
AuthorBaune, Bernhard T
AuthorBayati, Mohsen
AuthorBayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew
AuthorBehnoush, Amir Hossein
AuthorBehzadi, Payam
AuthorBeiranvand, Maryam
AuthorBello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja
AuthorBelo, Luis
AuthorBeloukas, Apostolos
AuthorBemanalizadeh, Maryam
AuthorBensenor, Isabela M
AuthorBenzian, Habib
AuthorBeran, Azizullah
AuthorBerezvai, Zombor
AuthorBernstein, Robert S
AuthorBettencourt, Paulo J G
AuthorBeyene, Kebede A
AuthorBeyene, Melak Gedamu
AuthorBhagat, Devidas S
AuthorBhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth
AuthorBhala, Neeraj
AuthorBhandari, Dinesh
AuthorBharadwaj, Ravi
AuthorBhardwaj, Nikha
AuthorBhardwaj, Pankaj
AuthorBhargava, Ashish
AuthorBhaskar, Sonu
AuthorBhat, Vivek
AuthorBhattacharjee, Natalia V
AuthorBhatti, Gurjit Kaur
AuthorBhatti, Jasvinder Singh
AuthorBhatti, Manpreet S
AuthorBhuiyan, Mohiuddin Ahmed
AuthorBisignano, Catherine
AuthorBiswas, Bijit
AuthorBjørge, Tone
AuthorBodolica, Virginia
AuthorBodunrin, Aadam Olalekan
AuthorBonakdar Hashemi, Milad
AuthorBora Basara, Berrak
AuthorBorhany, Hamed
AuthorBosoka, Samuel Adolf
AuthorBotero Carvajal, Alejandro
AuthorBouaoud, Souad
AuthorBoufous, Soufiane
AuthorBoxe, Christopher
AuthorBoyko, Edward J
AuthorBrady, Oliver J
AuthorBraithwaite, Dejana
AuthorBrauer, Michael
AuthorBrazo-Sayavera, Javier
AuthorBrenner, Hermann
AuthorBrown, Colin Stewart
AuthorBrowne, Annie J
AuthorBrugha, Traolach
AuthorBryazka, Dana
AuthorBulamu, Norma B
AuthorBuonsenso, Danilo
AuthorBurkart, Katrin
AuthorBurns, Richard A
AuthorBusse, Reinhard
AuthorBustanji, Yasser
AuthorButt, Zahid A
AuthorCaetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano
AuthorÇakmak Barsbay, Mehtap
AuthorCalina, Daniela
AuthorCampos, Luciana Aparecida
AuthorCao, Shujin
AuthorCapodici, Angelo
AuthorCárdenas, Rosario
AuthorCarreras, Giulia
AuthorCarugno, Andrea
AuthorCarvalho, Márcia
AuthorCastaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio
AuthorCastelpietra, Giulio
AuthorCattaruzza, Maria Sofia
AuthorCaye, Arthur
AuthorCegolon, Luca
AuthorCembranel, Francieli
AuthorCenko, Edina
AuthorCerin, Ester
AuthorChadban, Steven J
AuthorChadwick, Joshua
AuthorChakraborty, Chiranjib
AuthorChakraborty, Sandip
AuthorChalek, Julian
AuthorChan, Jeffrey Shi Kai
AuthorChandika, Rama Mohan
AuthorChandy, Sara
AuthorCharan, Jaykaran
AuthorChaudhary, Anis Ahmad
AuthorChaurasia, Akhilanand
AuthorChen, An-Tian
AuthorChen, Haowei
AuthorChen, Meng Xuan
AuthorChen, Simiao
AuthorCherbuin, Nicolas
AuthorChi, Gerald
AuthorChichagi, Fatemeh
AuthorChimed-Ochir, Odgerel
AuthorChimoriya, Ritesh
AuthorChing, Patrick R
AuthorChirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo
AuthorChitheer, Abdulaal
AuthorCho, Daniel Youngwhan
AuthorCho, William C S
AuthorChoi, Dong-Woo
AuthorChong, Bryan
AuthorChong, Chean Lin
AuthorChopra, Hitesh
AuthorChu, Dinh-Toi
AuthorChung, Eric
AuthorChutiyami, Muhammad
AuthorClayton, Justin T
AuthorCogen, Rebecca M
AuthorCohen, Aaron J
AuthorColumbus, Alyssa
AuthorComfort, Haley
AuthorConde, Joao
AuthorConnolly, Jon T
AuthorCooper, Ezra E K
AuthorCortese, Samuele
AuthorCruz-Martins, Natália
Authorda Silva, Alanna Gomes
AuthorDadras, Omid
AuthorDai, Xiaochen
AuthorDai, Zhaoli
AuthorDalton, Bronte E
AuthorDamiani, Giovanni
AuthorDandona, Lalit
AuthorDandona, Rakhi
AuthorDas, Jai K
AuthorDas, Saswati
AuthorDas, Subasish
AuthorDash, Nihar Ranjan
AuthorDavletov, Kairat
AuthorDe la Hoz, Fernando Pio
AuthorDe Leo, Diego
AuthorDebopadhaya, Shayom
AuthorDelgado-Enciso, Ivan
AuthorDenova-Gutiérrez, Edgar
AuthorDervenis, Nikolaos
AuthorDesai, Hardik Dineshbhai
AuthorDevanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan
AuthorDewan, Syed Masudur Rahman
AuthorDhama, Kuldeep
AuthorDhane, Amol S
AuthorDhingra, Sameer
AuthorDias da Silva, Diana
AuthorDiaz, Daniel
AuthorDiaz, Luis Antonio
AuthorDiaz, Michael J
AuthorDima, Adriana
AuthorDing, Delaney D
AuthorDo, Thao Huynh Phuong
Authordo Prado, Camila Bruneli
AuthorDodangeh, Masoud
AuthorDodangeh, Milad
AuthorDoegah, Phidelia Theresa
AuthorDohare, Sushil
AuthorDong, Wanyue
AuthorD'Oria, Mario
AuthorDoshi, Rajkumar
AuthorDowou, Robert Kokou
AuthorDsouza, Haneil Larson
AuthorDsouza, Viola
AuthorDube, John
AuthorDumith, Samuel C
AuthorDuncan, Bruce B
AuthorDuraes, Andre Rodrigues
AuthorDuraisamy, Senbagam
AuthorDurojaiye, Oyewole Christopher
AuthorDushpanova, Anar
AuthorDutta, Sulagna
AuthorDzianach, Paulina Agnieszka
AuthorDziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian
AuthorEboreime, Ejemai
AuthorEbrahimi, Alireza
AuthorEbrahimi Kalan, Mohammad
AuthorEdinur, Hisham Atan
AuthorEfendi, Ferry
AuthorEikemo, Terje Andreas
AuthorEini, Ebrahim
AuthorEkundayo, Temitope Cyrus
AuthorEl Arab, Rabie Adel
AuthorEl Sayed, Iman
AuthorElamin, Osman
AuthorElemam, Noha Mousaad
AuthorElGohary, Ghada Metwally Tawfik
AuthorElhadi, Muhammed
AuthorElmeligy, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou
AuthorElmoselhi, Adel B
AuthorElshaer, Mohammed
AuthorElsohaby, Ibrahim
AuthorEltahir, Mohd. Elmagzoub
AuthorEmeto, Theophilus I
AuthorEshrati, Babak
AuthorEslami, Majid
AuthorEsmaeili, Zahra
AuthorFabin, Natalia
AuthorFagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis
AuthorFagbule, Omotayo Francis
AuthorFalzone, Luca
AuthorFareed, Mohammad
AuthorFarinha, Carla Sofia e Sá
AuthorFaris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud
AuthorFaro, Andre
AuthorFasihi, Kiana
AuthorFatehizadeh, Ali
AuthorFauk, Nelsensius Klau
AuthorFazylov, Timur
AuthorFeigin, Valery L
AuthorFekadu, Ginenus
AuthorFeng, Xiaoqi
AuthorFereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad
AuthorFerrara, Pietro
AuthorFerreira, Nuno
AuthorFirew, Belete Sewasew
AuthorFischer, Florian
AuthorFitriana, Ida
AuthorFlavel, Joanne
AuthorFlor, Luisa S
AuthorFolayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin
AuthorFoley, Kristen Marie
AuthorFonzo, Marco
AuthorForce, Lisa M
AuthorFoschi, Matteo
AuthorFreitas, Alberto
AuthorFridayani, Ni Kadek Yuni
AuthorFukutaki, Kai Glenn
AuthorFurtado, João M
AuthorFux, Blima
AuthorGaal, Peter Andras
AuthorGadanya, Muktar A
AuthorGallus, Silvano
AuthorGanesan, Balasankar
AuthorGaniyani, Mohammad Arfat
AuthorGautam, Rupesh K
AuthorGebi, Tilaye Gebru
AuthorGebregergis, Miglas W
AuthorGebrehiwot, Mesfin
AuthorGetacher, Lemma
AuthorGetahun, Genanew K A
AuthorGething, Peter W
AuthorGhadimi, Delaram J
AuthorGhadirian, Fataneh
AuthorGhafarian, Sadegh
AuthorGhailan, Khalid Yaser
AuthorGhasemi, MohammadReza
AuthorGhasempour Dabaghi, Ghazal
AuthorGhazy, Ramy Mohamed
AuthorGhoba, Sama
AuthorGholami, Ehsan
AuthorGholamrezanezhad, Ali
AuthorGholizadeh, Nasim
AuthorGhorbani, Mahsa
AuthorGhorbani Vajargah, Pooyan
AuthorGhotbi, Elena
AuthorGil, Artyom Urievich
AuthorGill, Tiffany K
AuthorGirmay, Alem
AuthorGlasbey, James C
AuthorGlushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna
AuthorGnedovskaya, Elena V
AuthorGöbölös, Laszlo
AuthorGoldust, Mohamad
AuthorGoleij, Pouya
AuthorGolinelli, Davide
AuthorGopalani, Sameer Vali
AuthorGoulart, Alessandra C
AuthorGouravani, Mahdi
AuthorGoyal, Anmol
AuthorGrivna, Michal
AuthorGrosso, Giuseppe
AuthorGuarducci, Giovanni
AuthorGubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen
AuthorGuicciardi, Stefano
AuthorGuimarães, Rafael Alves
AuthorGulati, Snigdha
AuthorGulisashvili, David
AuthorGunawardane, Damitha Asanga
AuthorGuo, Cui
AuthorGupta, Anish Kumar
AuthorGupta, Rahul
AuthorGupta, Rajeev
AuthorGupta, Renu
AuthorGupta, Sapna
AuthorGupta, Vijai Kumar
AuthorHaakenstad, Annie
AuthorHadi, Najah R
AuthorHaep, Nils
AuthorHafiz, Abdul
AuthorHaghmorad, Dariush
AuthorHaile, Demewoz
AuthorHajj Ali, Adel
AuthorHajj Ali, Ali
AuthorHaj-Mirzaian, Arvin
AuthorHalboub, Esam S
AuthorHaller, Sebastian
AuthorHalwani, Rabih
AuthorHamagharib Abdullah, Kanaan
AuthorHamdy, Nadia M
AuthorHamoudi, Rifat
AuthorHanifi, Nasrin
AuthorHankey, Graeme J
AuthorHaq, Zaim Anan
AuthorHaque, Md Rabiul
AuthorHarapan, Harapan
AuthorHargono, Arief
AuthorHaro, Josep Maria
AuthorHasaballah, Ahmed I
AuthorHasan, S. M. Mahmudul
AuthorHasanian, Mohammad
AuthorHasnain, Md Saquib
AuthorHassan, Amr
AuthorHaubold, Johannes
AuthorHay, Simon I
AuthorHebert, Jeffrey J
AuthorHegazi, Omar E
AuthorHeidari, Mohammad
AuthorHemmati, Mehdi
AuthorHenson, Claire A
AuthorHerrera-Serna, Brenda Yuliana
AuthorHerteliu, Claudiu
AuthorHeydari, Majid
AuthorHezam, Kamal
AuthorHidayana, Irma
AuthorHiraike, Yuta
AuthorHoan, Nguyen Quoc
AuthorHolla, Ramesh
AuthorHoogar, Praveen
AuthorHorita, Nobuyuki
AuthorHossain, Md Mahbub
AuthorHosseinzadeh, Hassan
AuthorHosseinzadeh, Mehdi
AuthorHostiuc, Mihaela
AuthorHostiuc, Sorin
AuthorHu, Chengxi
AuthorHuang, Junjie
AuthorHultström, Michael
AuthorHundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes
AuthorHunt, Aliza J
AuthorHushmandi, Kiavash
AuthorHussain, Javid
AuthorHussain, M. Azhar
AuthorHussein, Nawfal R
AuthorHuynh, Hong-Han
AuthorHwang, Bing-Fang
AuthorIbitoye, Segun Emmanuel
AuthorIftikhar, Pulwasha Maria
AuthorIkiroma, Adalia I
AuthorIkwegbue, Paul Chukwudi
AuthorIlic, Irena M
AuthorIlic, Milena D
AuthorImmurana, Mustapha
AuthorIsa, Mustafa Alhaji
AuthorIslam, Md. Rabiul
AuthorIslam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
AuthorIsmail, Faisal
AuthorIsmail, Nahlah Elkudssiah
AuthorIsola, Gaetano
AuthorIwagami, Masao
AuthorIyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi
AuthorJacob, Louis
AuthorJacobsen, Kathryn H
AuthorJafarinia, Morteza
AuthorJahankhani, Kasra
AuthorJahanmehr, Nader
AuthorJain, Nityanand
AuthorJairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman
AuthorJakhmola Mani, Dr Ruchi
AuthorJamil, Safayet
AuthorJamora, Roland Dominic G
AuthorJatau, Abubakar Ibrahim
AuthorJavadov, Sabzali
AuthorJavaheri, Tahereh
AuthorJayaram, Shubha
AuthorJee, Sun Ha
AuthorJeganathan, Jayakumar
AuthorJiang, Heng
AuthorJokar, Mohammad
AuthorJonas, Jost B
AuthorJoseph, Nitin
AuthorJoshua, Charity Ehimwenma
AuthorJürisson, Mikk
AuthorK, Vaishali
AuthorKabir, Ali
AuthorKabir, Zubair
AuthorKadashetti, Vidya
AuthorKalankesh, Laleh R
AuthorKalra, Sanjay
AuthorKamath, Ashwin
AuthorKamath, Rajesh
AuthorKamireddy, Arun
AuthorKanaan, Mona
AuthorKanchan, Tanuj
AuthorKanmiki, Edmund Wedam
AuthorKanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem
AuthorKansal, Sushil Kumar
AuthorKarim, Asima
AuthorKarkhah, Samad
AuthorKashoo, Faizan Zaffar
AuthorKasraei, Hengameh
AuthorKassel, Molly B
AuthorKatikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal
AuthorKauppila, Joonas H
AuthorKaur, Harkiran
AuthorKayode, Gbenga A
AuthorKazemi, Foad
AuthorKazemian, Sina
AuthorKebede, Fassikaw
AuthorKendal, Evie Shoshannah
AuthorKesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle
AuthorKhademvatan, Shahram
AuthorKhajuria, Himanshu
AuthorKhalaji, Amirmohammad
AuthorKhalid, Asaad
AuthorKhalid, Nauman
AuthorKhalilian, Alireza
AuthorKhamesipour, Faham
AuthorKhan, Fayaz
AuthorKhan, Mohammad Jobair
AuthorKhan, Moien AB
AuthorKhanmohammadi, Shaghayegh
AuthorKhatab, Khaled
AuthorKhatatbeh, Haitham
AuthorKhatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad
AuthorKhatib, Mahalaqua Nazli
AuthorKhayat Kashani, Hamid Reza
AuthorKheirallah, Khalid A
AuthorKhokhar, Manoj
AuthorKhormali, Moein
AuthorKhorrami, Zahra
AuthorKhosla, Atulya Aman
AuthorKhosravi, Majid
AuthorKhosrowjerdi, Mahmood
AuthorKhubchandani, Jagdish
AuthorKifle, Zemene Demelash
AuthorKim, Grace
AuthorKim, Julie Sojin
AuthorKim, Min Seo
AuthorKim, Yun Jin
AuthorKimokoti, Ruth W
AuthorKisa, Adnan
AuthorKisa, Sezer
AuthorKnibbs, Luke D
AuthorKnudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo
AuthorKochhar, Sonali
AuthorKolahi, Ali-Asghar
AuthorKompani, Farzad
AuthorKoren, Gerbrand
AuthorKorzh, Oleksii
AuthorKrishan, Kewal
AuthorKrishna, Varun
AuthorKrishnamoorthy, Vijay
AuthorKucuk Bicer, Burcu
AuthorKuddus, Md Abdul
AuthorKuddus, Mohammed
AuthorKuitunen, Ilari
AuthorKujan, Omar
AuthorKulimbet, Mukhtar
AuthorKulkarni, Vishnutheertha
AuthorKumar, G Anil
AuthorKumar, Harish
AuthorKumar, Nithin
AuthorKumar, Rakesh
AuthorKumar, Vijay
AuthorKundu, Amartya
AuthorKusuma, Dian
AuthorKyei-Arthur, Frank
AuthorKytö, Ville
AuthorKyu, Hmwe Hmwe
AuthorLa Vecchia, Carlo
AuthorLacey, Ben
AuthorLadan, Muhammad Awwal
AuthorLaflamme, Lucie
AuthorLahariya, Chandrakant
AuthorLai, Daphne Teck Ching
AuthorLalloo, Ratilal
AuthorLallukka, Tea
AuthorLám, Judit
AuthorLan, Qing
AuthorLan, Tuo
AuthorLandires, Iván
AuthorLanfranchi, Francesco
AuthorLangguth, Berthold
AuthorLansingh, Van Charles
AuthorLaplante-Lévesque, Ariane
AuthorLarijani, Bagher
AuthorLarsson, Anders O
AuthorLasrado, Savita
AuthorLauriola, Paolo
AuthorLawlor, Hilary R
AuthorLe, Huu-Hoai
AuthorLe, Long Khanh Dao
AuthorLe, Nhi Huu Hanh
AuthorLe, Thao Thi Thu
AuthorLe, Trang Diep Thanh
AuthorLeasher, Janet L
AuthorLee, Doo Woong
AuthorLee, Munjae
AuthorLee, Paul H
AuthorLee, Sang-woong
AuthorLee, Seung Won
AuthorLee, Shaun Wen Huey
AuthorLee, Yo Han
AuthorLeigh, James
AuthorLeong, Elvynna
AuthorLi, Ming-Chieh
AuthorLibra, Massimo
AuthorLigade, Virendra S
AuthorLim, Lee-Ling
AuthorLim, Stephen S
AuthorLimenh, Liknaw Workie
AuthorLindholm, Daniel
AuthorLindstedt, Paulina A
AuthorListl, Stefan
AuthorLiu, Gang
AuthorLiu, Shiwei
AuthorLiu, Shuke
AuthorLiu, Xiaofeng
AuthorLiu, Xuefeng
AuthorLlanaj, Erand
AuthorLópez-Bueno, Rubén
AuthorLópez-Gil, José Francisco
AuthorLoreche, Arianna Maever
AuthorLotufo, Paulo A
AuthorLozano, Rafael
AuthorLubinda, Jailos
AuthorLucchetti, Giancarlo
AuthorLuo, Lisha
AuthorLusk, Jay B
AuthorLv, Lei
AuthorM Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim
AuthorMa, Zheng Feei
AuthorMaass, Kelsey Lynn
AuthorMachairas, Nikolaos
AuthorMachoy, Monika
AuthorMadureira-Carvalho, Áurea M
AuthorMagdy Abd El Razek, Hassan
AuthorMaghazachi, Azzam A
AuthorMahadeshwara Prasad, D.R.
AuthorMahalleh, Mehrdad
AuthorMahasha, Phetole Walter
AuthorMahmoud, Mansour Adam
AuthorMahmoudi, Elham
AuthorMahmoudvand, Golnaz
AuthorMakama, Maureen
AuthorMalakan Rad, Elaheh
AuthorMalhotra, Kashish
AuthorMalik, Ahmad Azam
AuthorMalta, Deborah Carvalho
AuthorManla, Yosef
AuthorMansour, Ali
AuthorMansouri, Mohammad Hadi
AuthorMansouri, Pejman
AuthorMansouri, Vahid
AuthorMansourian, Marjan
AuthorMansournia, Mohammad Ali
AuthorMarasini, Bishnu P
AuthorMarateb, Hamid Reza
AuthorMaravilla, Joemer C
AuthorMardi, Parham
AuthorMarjani, Abdoljalal
AuthorMarkazi Moghadam, Hamed
AuthorMarrugo Arnedo, Carlos Alberto
AuthorMartinez, Gabriel
AuthorMartinez-Piedra, Ramon
AuthorMartins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio
AuthorMartorell, Miquel
AuthorMarx, Wolfgang
AuthorMarzo, Roy Rillera
AuthorMasoudi, Sahar
AuthorMathangasinghe, Yasith
AuthorMathioudakis, Alexander G
AuthorMathur, Medha
AuthorMathur, Navgeet
AuthorMathur, Neeta
AuthorMatozinhos, Fernanda Penido
AuthorMattumpuram, Jishanth
AuthorMaude, Richard James
AuthorMaugeri, Andrea
AuthorMayeli, Mahsa
AuthorMazidi, Mohsen
AuthorMazzotti, Antonio
AuthorMcGrath, John J
AuthorMcKee, Martin
AuthorMcKowen, Anna Laura W
AuthorMcPhail, Michael A
AuthorMcPhail, Steven M
AuthorMehmood, Asim
AuthorMehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran
AuthorMehravar, Sepideh
AuthorMekene Meto, Tesfahun
AuthorMelese, Endalkachew Belayneh
AuthorMendez-Lopez, Max Alberto Mendez
AuthorMendoza, Walter
AuthorMenezes, Ritesh G
AuthorMensah, George A
AuthorMensah, Laverne G
AuthorMentis, Alexios-Fotios A
AuthorMeo, Sultan Ayoub
AuthorMeretoja, Atte
AuthorMeretoja, Tuomo J
AuthorMersha, Abera M
AuthorMestrovic, Tomislav
AuthorMettananda, Kukulege Chamila Dinushi
AuthorMettananda, Sachith
AuthorMhlanga, Adquate
AuthorMhlanga, Laurette
AuthorMiazgowski, Tomasz
AuthorMichalek, Irmina Maria
AuthorMicheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina
AuthorMiller, Ted R
AuthorMinh, Le Huu Nhat
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AuthorZielińska, Magdalena
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Available date2024-05-26T05:39:50Z
Publication Date2024-05-24
Publication NameThe Lancet
Identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00685-8
ISSN01406736
URIhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673624006858
URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10576/55354
AbstractBackgroundFuture trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. MethodsUsing forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. FindingsIn the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]). InterpretationGlobally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Languageen
PublisherElsevier
SubjectGBD
forecasting
Global Health
TitleBurden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
TypeArticle
Pagination2204-2256
Issue Number10440
Volume Number403
Open Access user License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ESSN1474-547X
dc.accessType Full Text


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