APPLICATION OF ANCIENT DNA TO UNCOVER INSIGHTS INTO THE GENETIC HISTORY OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN POPULATION

Abstract

Ancient DNA (aDNA) has emerged as a revolutionary force in genetics, redefining our understanding of human population history through time. It has revealed previously unknown insights into the mechanisms of evolution that shaped the genetic landscape of Southeast Asia (SEA). By leveraging advanced sequencing technologies and bioinformatics tools, we tracked allele frequency variations over time, discovering significant genetic variants associated with muscular performance (ACTN3), lipid metabolism (EPHX2), and immunological response (TLR8). These data suggest considerable genetic adaptations influenced by natural selection, migratory patterns, and environmental factors. Additionally, Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) analysis revealed differences in genetic equilibrium between ancient and modern Malay populations. Ancient populations exhibited deviations due to historical gene flow and selective pressures. In contrast, modern populations showed varying equilibrium levels across three modern Malay clusters, reflecting genetic stability influenced by environmental adaptation and reduced migration. This study links aDNA and modern genomes to demonstrate how historical migrations have shaped SEA's genetic makeup, offering insights into how past environments influence present-day disease predispositions.