Energy-aware Theft Detection based on IoT Energy Consumption Data

Abstract

With the advent of modern smart grid networks, advanced metering infrastructure provides real-time information from smart meters (SM) and sensors to energy companies and consumers. The smart grid is indeed a paradigm that is enabled by the Internet of Things (IoT) and in which the SM acts as an IoT device that collects and transmits data over the Internet to enable intelligent applications. However, IoT data communicated over the smart grid could however be maliciously altered, resulting in energy theft due to unbilled energy consumption. Machine learning (ML) techniques for energy theft detection (ETD) based on IoT data are promising but are nonetheless constrained by the poor quality of data and particularly its imbalanced nature (which emerges from the dominant representation of honest users and poor representation of the rare theft cases). Leading ML-based ETD methods employ synthetic data generation to balance the training the dataset. However, these are trained to maximise average correct detection instead of ETD. In this work, we formulate an energy-aware evaluation framework that guides the model training to maximise ETD and minimise the revenue loss due to mis-classification. We propose a convolution neural network with positive bias (CNN-B) and another with focal loss CNN (CNN-FL) to mitigate the data imbalance impact. These outperform the state of the art and the CNN-B achieves the highest ETD and the minimum revenue loss with a loss reduction of 30.4% compared to the highest loss incurred by these methods.