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AuthorSaid, Sawsan Sudqi
AuthorIbrahim, Wisam Nabeel
Available date2024-04-24T09:53:23Z
Publication Date2024
Publication NameBiomedicines
ResourceScopus
ISSN22279059
URIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12020369
URIhttp://hdl.handle.net/10576/54197
AbstractTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with pronounced immunogenicity, exhibiting rapid proliferation and immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. TNBC’s heterogeneity poses challenges to immunological treatments, inducing resistance mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic modalities, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, are explored in preclinical and clinical trials. Promising results emerge from combining ICIs with anti-TGF-β and VISTA, hindering TNBC tumor growth. TNBC cells employ complex evasion strategies involving interactions with stromal and immune cells, suppressing immune recognition through various cytokines, chemokines, and metabolites. The recent focus on unraveling humoral and cellular components aims to disrupt cancer crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment. This review identifies TNBC’s latest resistance mechanisms, exploring potential targets for clinical trials to overcome immune checkpoint resistance and enhance patient survival rates.
SponsorQatar University funded the publication of this article.
Languageen
PublisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
SubjectPD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4
resistance
TME
triple-negative breast cancer
TitleBreaking Barriers: The Promise and Challenges of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
TypeArticle Review
Issue Number2
Volume Number12
dc.accessType Open Access


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