The burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors by state in the USA, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
المؤلف | Mokdad, Ali H. |
المؤلف | Bisignano, Catherine |
المؤلف | Hsu, Johnathan M. |
المؤلف | Ababneh, Hazim S. |
المؤلف | Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh |
المؤلف | Abdelkader, Atef |
المؤلف | Abdelmasseh, Michael |
المؤلف | Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola |
المؤلف | Aboagye, Richard Gyan |
المؤلف | Abu-Zaid, Ahmed |
المؤلف | Abukhadijah, Hana J. |
المؤلف | Addo, Isaac Yeboah |
المؤلف | Adeagbo, Oluwafemi Atanda |
المؤلف | Adegboye, Oyelola A. |
المؤلف | Adekanmbi, Victor |
المؤلف | Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther |
المؤلف | Adzigbli, Leticia Akua |
المؤلف | Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika |
المؤلف | Agyemang-Duah, Williams |
المؤلف | Ahmad, Shahzaib |
المؤلف | Ahmad, Danish |
المؤلف | Ahmed, Ayman |
المؤلف | Ahmed, Syed Anees |
المؤلف | Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed |
المؤلف | Akrami, Ashley E. |
المؤلف | Akter, Ema |
المؤلف | Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz |
المؤلف | Al Ta'ani, Omar |
المؤلف | Al-Ajlouni, Yazan |
المؤلف | Al-Aly, Ziyad |
المؤلف | Al-Rifai, Rami Hani |
المؤلف | Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. |
المؤلف | Al-Wardat, Mohammad |
المؤلف | Al-Zyoud, Walid Adnan |
المؤلف | Alam, Manjurul |
المؤلف | Albakri, Almaza |
المؤلف | Aldhaleei, Wafa A. |
المؤلف | Aldridge, Robert W. |
المؤلف | Ali, Mohammed Usman |
المؤلف | Ali, Abid |
المؤلف | Ali, Rafat |
المؤلف | Ali, Waad |
المؤلف | Almustanyir, Sami |
المؤلف | Alqutaibi, Ahmed Yaseen |
المؤلف | Alrawashdeh, Ahmad |
المؤلف | Alsabri, Mohammed A. |
المؤلف | Aly, Hany |
المؤلف | Amani, Reza |
المؤلف | Amegbor, Prince M. |
المؤلف | Amindarolzarbi, Alireza |
المؤلف | Amiri, Sohrab |
المؤلف | Anil, Abhishek |
المؤلف | Appiah, Francis |
المؤلف | Arabloo, Jalal |
المؤلف | Arafa, Elshaimaa A. |
المؤلف | Arafat, Mosab |
المؤلف | Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. |
المؤلف | Ardekani, Ali |
المؤلف | Areda, Demelash |
المؤلف | Ashina, Sait |
المؤلف | Atreya, Alok |
المؤلف | Ayalew, Fekadu Belay |
المؤلف | Azzam, Ahmed Y. |
المؤلف | Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah |
المؤلف | Baghdadi, Soroush |
المؤلف | Bagherieh, Sara |
المؤلف | Bahramian, Saeed |
المؤلف | Bahreini, Razieh |
المؤلف | Bako, Abdulaziz T. |
المؤلف | Bansal, Kannu |
المؤلف | Bärnighausen, Till Winfried |
المؤلف | Barrow, Amadou |
المؤلف | Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi |
المؤلف | Basu, Sanjay |
المؤلف | Batra, Ravi |
المؤلف | Batra, Kavita |
المؤلف | Bayati, Mohsen |
المؤلف | Beiranvand, Maryam |
المؤلف | Bell, Michelle L. |
المؤلف | Beloukas, Apostolos |
المؤلف | Bemanalizadeh, Maryam |
المؤلف | Bennitt, Fiona B. |
المؤلف | Benzian, Habib |
المؤلف | Beran, Azizullah |
المؤلف | Bermudez, Amiel Nazer C. |
المؤلف | Bernstein, Robert S. |
المؤلف | Beyene, Habtamu B.B. |
المؤلف | Beyene, Kebede A. |
المؤلف | Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth |
المؤلف | Bhala, Neeraj |
المؤلف | Bhargava, Ashish |
المؤلف | Bhaskar, Sonu |
المؤلف | Bhat, Vivek |
المؤلف | Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan |
المؤلف | Boppana, Sri Harsha |
المؤلف | Borhany, Hamed |
المؤلف | Bosoka, Samuel Adolf |
المؤلف | Boxe, Christopher |
المؤلف | Boyko, Edward J. |
المؤلف | Braithwaite, Dejana |
المؤلف | Brauer, Michael |
المؤلف | Bryazka, Dana |
المؤلف | Bugiardini, Raffaele |
المؤلف | Bustanji, Yasser |
المؤلف | Butt, Zahid A. |
المؤلف | Caetano Dos Santos, Florentino Luciano |
المؤلف | Cagney, Jack |
المؤلف | Cao, Chao |
المؤلف | Capodici, Angelo |
المؤلف | Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio |
المؤلف | Cembranel, Francieli |
المؤلف | Cenko, Edina |
المؤلف | Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K. |
المؤلف | Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad |
المؤلف | Chen, An-Tian |
المؤلف | Chen, Meng Xuan |
المؤلف | Chi, Gerald |
المؤلف | Chong, Bryan |
المؤلف | Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan |
المؤلف | Chowdhury, Rajiv |
المؤلف | Chung, Sheng-Chia |
المؤلف | Cogen, Rebecca M. |
المؤلف | Conde, Joao |
المؤلف | Cooper, Leslie Trumbull |
المؤلف | Cortese, Samuele |
المؤلف | Criqui, Michael H. |
المؤلف | Cruz-Martins, Natalia |
المؤلف | Culbreth, Garland T. |
المؤلف | D'Oria, Mario |
المؤلف | Dabo, Bashir |
المؤلف | Dai, Zhaoli |
المؤلف | Dai, Xiaochen |
المؤلف | Damiani, Giovanni |
المؤلف | Daoud, Farah |
المؤلف | Darcho, Samuel D.D. |
المؤلف | Darwesh, Aso Mohammad |
المؤلف | Das, Saswati |
المؤلف | Dash, Nihar Ranjan |
المؤلف | Dashti, Mohsen |
المؤلف | Degenhardt, Louisa |
المؤلف | Des Jarlais, Don C. |
المؤلف | Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan |
المؤلف | Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman |
المؤلف | Dhama, Kuldeep |
المؤلف | Diaz, Daniel |
المؤلف | Diaz, Luis Antonio |
المؤلف | Diaz, Michael J. |
المؤلف | Ding, Delaney D. |
المؤلف | Do, Thao Huynh Phuong |
المؤلف | Do, Thanh Chi |
المؤلف | Doan, Khanh Duy |
المؤلف | Dongarwar, Deepa |
المؤلف | Dorsey, E. Ray |
المؤلف | Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai |
المؤلف | Doshi, Rajkumar Prakashbhai |
المؤلف | Douiri, Abdel |
المؤلف | Dowou, Robert Kokou |
المؤلف | Dube, John |
المؤلف | Dutta, Siddhartha |
المؤلف | Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura |
المؤلف | Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian |
المؤلف | E'mar, Abdel Rahman |
المؤلف | Ebrahimi, Alireza |
المؤلف | Ehrlich, Joshua R.R. |
المؤلف | Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus |
المؤلف | El Arab, Rabie Adel |
المؤلف | El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat |
المؤلف | Elhadi, Muhammed |
المؤلف | Elmoselhi, Adel B. |
المؤلف | ElNahas, Gihan |
المؤلف | Elshaer, Mohammed |
المؤلف | Eltaha, Chadi |
المؤلف | Emamverdi, Mehdi |
المؤلف | Esposito, Francesco |
المؤلف | Etaee, Farshid |
المؤلف | Ezenwankwo, Elochukwu Fortune |
المؤلف | Fahim, Ayesha |
المؤلف | Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Aliasghar |
المؤلف | Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara |
المؤلف | Fazylov, Timur |
المؤلف | Feigin, Valery L. |
المؤلف | Fekadu, Ginenus |
المؤلف | Feroze, Abdullah Hamid |
المؤلف | Ferreira, Nuno |
المؤلف | Filip, Irina |
المؤلف | Fischer, Florian |
المؤلف | Flor, Luisa S. |
المؤلف | Fu, Weijia |
المؤلف | Fukumoto, Takeshi |
المؤلف | Gadanya, Muktar A. |
المؤلف | Gajjar, Avi A. |
المؤلف | Ganesan, Balasankar |
المؤلف | Ganiyani, Mohammad Arfat |
المؤلف | Gao, Xiang |
المؤلف | Gardner, William M. |
المؤلف | Gebregergis, Miglas Welay |
المؤلف | Gebrehiwot, Mesfin |
المؤلف | Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru |
المؤلف | Ghadimi, Delaram J. |
المؤلف | Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh |
المؤلف | Gholamrezanezhad, Ali |
المؤلف | Ghotbi, Elena |
المؤلف | Göbölös, Laszlo |
المؤلف | Goldust, Mohamad |
المؤلف | Golechha, Mahaveer |
المؤلف | Golinelli, Davide |
المؤلف | Grada, Ayman |
المؤلف | Guha, Avirup |
المؤلف | Guicciardi, Stefano |
المؤلف | Gupta, Ishita |
المؤلف | Gupta, Veer Bala |
المؤلف | Gupta, Vivek Kumar |
المؤلف | Haakenstad, Annie |
المؤلف | Habibzadeh, Parham |
المؤلف | Haep, Nils |
المؤلف | Haile, Demewoz |
المؤلف | Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin |
المؤلف | Halimi, Aram |
المؤلف | Hamilton, Erin B. |
المؤلف | Haque, Obaid I. |
المؤلف | Hasaballah, Ahmed I. |
المؤلف | Hasan, Md. Kamrul |
المؤلف | Hasnain, Md. Saquib |
المؤلف | Hassan, Abbas M. |
المؤلف | Havmoeller, Rasmus J.J. |
المؤلف | Hay, Simon I. |
المؤلف | Hebert, Jeffrey J. |
المؤلف | Heidary, Zohreh |
المؤلف | Hemmati, Mehdi |
المؤلف | Hidayana, Irma |
المؤلف | Hinneh, Thomas Kwadwo |
المؤلف | Hiraike, Yuta |
المؤلف | Hoan, Nguyen Quoc |
المؤلف | Horita, Nobuyuki |
المؤلف | Hossain, Md. Belal |
المؤلف | Hossain, Md. Mahbub |
المؤلف | Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi |
المؤلف | Hostiuc, Sorin |
المؤلف | Hu, Chengxi |
المؤلف | Huang, Junjie |
المؤلف | Hundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes |
المؤلف | Hushmandi, Kiavash |
المؤلف | Huynh, Hong-Han |
المؤلف | Ikuta, Kevin S. |
المؤلف | Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful |
المؤلف | Islam, Md. Rabiul |
المؤلف | Jacob, Louis |
المؤلف | Jacobsen, Kathryn H. |
المؤلف | Jain, Akhil |
المؤلف | Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman |
المؤلف | Jakovljevic, Mihajlo |
المؤلف | Jamshidi, Elham |
المؤلف | Javaheri, Tahereh |
المؤلف | Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh |
المؤلف | Jeyakumar, Angeline |
المؤلف | Johnson, Emily Katherine |
المؤلف | Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem |
المؤلف | Kantar, Rami S. |
المؤلف | Karanth, Shama D. |
المؤلف | Karaye, Ibraheem M. |
المؤلف | Kassebaum, Nicholas J. |
المؤلف | Katamreddy, Adarsh |
المؤلف | Kazemi, Foad |
المؤلف | Kerr, Jessica A. |
المؤلف | Khader, Yousef Saleh |
المؤلف | Khamesipour, Faham |
المؤلف | Khan, Mohammad Jobair |
المؤلف | Khan, Zeeshan Ali |
المؤلف | Khan, Fayaz |
المؤلف | Khan, Ajmal |
المؤلف | Khatab, Khaled |
المؤلف | Khatami, Fatemeh |
المؤلف | Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad |
المؤلف | Khormali, Moein |
المؤلف | Khosla, Atulya Aman |
المؤلف | Khosravi, Sepehr |
المؤلف | Khosravi, Majid |
المؤلف | Khubchandani, Jagdish |
المؤلف | Kim, Grace |
المؤلف | Kim, Min Seo |
المؤلف | Kimokoti, Ruth W. |
المؤلف | Kisa, Adnan |
المؤلف | Kochhar, Sonali |
المؤلف | Koren, Gerbrand |
المؤلف | Krishnamoorthy, Vijay |
المؤلف | Kubeisy, Connor M. |
المؤلف | Kuddus, Md. Abdul |
المؤلف | Kulimbet, Mukhtar |
المؤلف | Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha |
المؤلف | Kumar, Vijay |
المؤلف | Kumar, Ashish |
المؤلف | Kumar, Rakesh |
المؤلف | Kundu, Satyajit |
المؤلف | Kurmi, Om P. |
المؤلف | Kyei, Evans F. |
المؤلف | Lai, Hanpeng |
المؤلف | Lan, Qing |
المؤلف | Lansingh, Van Charles |
المؤلف | Le, Trang Diep Thanh |
المؤلف | Le, Huu-Hoai |
المؤلف | Le, Nhi Huu Hanh |
المؤلف | Le, Thao Thi Thu |
المؤلف | Leasher, Janet L. |
المؤلف | Lee, Seung Won |
المؤلف | Lee, Wei-Chen |
المؤلف | Li, Wei |
المؤلف | Libra, Massimo |
المؤلف | Lim, Stephen S. |
المؤلف | Lin, Jialing |
المؤلف | Lin, John C. |
المؤلف | Lioutas, Vasileios-Arsenios |
المؤلف | Liu, Xuefeng |
المؤلف | Liu, Richard T. |
المؤلف | Liu, Xiaofeng |
المؤلف | Liu, Jie |
المؤلف | López-Gil, José Francisco |
المؤلف | Lopukhov, Platon D. |
المؤلف | Lucchetti, Giancarlo |
المؤلف | Lunevicius, Raimundas |
المؤلف | Lusk, Jay B. |
المؤلف | Mafhoumi, Asma |
المؤلف | Malakan Rad, Elaheh |
المؤلف | Manla, Yosef |
المؤلف | Mansouri, Vahid |
المؤلف | Manu, Emmanuel |
المؤلف | Marconi, Agustina M. |
المؤلف | Marino, Mirko |
المؤلف | Martin, Randall V. |
المؤلف | Martinez-Piedra, Ramon |
المؤلف | Marx, Wolfgang |
المؤلف | Marzo, Roy Rillera |
المؤلف | Mathangasinghe, Yasith |
المؤلف | Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido |
المؤلف | McPhail, Steven M. |
المؤلف | Mekene Meto, Tesfahun |
المؤلف | Meles, Hadush Negash |
المؤلف | Melese, Endalkachew Belayneh |
المؤلف | Mensah, George A. |
المؤلف | Mensah, Laverne G. |
المؤلف | Meo, Sultan Ayoub |
المؤلف | Mestrovic, Tomislav |
المؤلف | Mhlanga, Laurette |
المؤلف | Mhlanga, Adquate |
المؤلف | Michalek, Irmina Maria |
المؤلف | Miller, Ted R. |
المؤلف | Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad |
المؤلف | Mishra, Ajay Kumar |
المؤلف | Moberg, Madeline E. |
المؤلف | Mohamed, Nouh Saad |
المؤلف | Mohamed, Mouhand F.H. |
المؤلف | Mohamed, Jama |
المؤلف | Mohammadzadeh, Ibrahim |
المؤلف | Mohammed, Salahuddin |
المؤلف | Mohammed, Shafiu |
المؤلف | Molavi Vardanjani, Hossein |
المؤلف | Momtazmanesh, Sara |
المؤلف | Moni, Mohammad Ali |
المؤلف | Montazeri, Fateme |
المؤلف | Moradi, Yousef |
المؤلف | Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar |
المؤلف | Moraga, Paula |
المؤلف | Morrison, Shane Douglas |
المؤلف | Motappa, Rohith |
المؤلف | Mougin, Vincent |
المؤلف | Murillo-Zamora, Efren |
المؤلف | Naghavi, Mohsen |
المؤلف | Naghavi, Pirouz |
المؤلف | Naik, Gurudatta |
المؤلف | Najdaghi, Soroush |
المؤلف | Nanavaty, Dhairya P. |
المؤلف | Narimani Davani, Delaram |
المؤلف | Nascimento, Gustavo G. |
المؤلف | Nashwan, Abdulqadir J. |
المؤلف | Natto, Zuhair S. |
المؤلف | Nduaguba, Sabina Onyinye |
المؤلف | Netsere, Henok Biresaw |
المؤلف | Nezameslami, Ahmadreza |
المؤلف | Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien |
المؤلف | Nguyen, Tuan Thanh |
المؤلف | Nguyen, Dang H. |
المؤلف | Nguyen, Hien Quang |
المؤلف | Nguyen, Anh Hoang |
المؤلف | Nguyen, Van Thanh |
المؤلف | Nigatu, Yeshambel T. |
المؤلف | Nikravangolsefid, Nasrin |
المؤلف | Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed |
المؤلف | Novotney, Amanda |
المؤلف | Nugen, Fred |
المؤلف | Nutor, Jerry John |
المؤلف | Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet |
المؤلف | Oancea, Bogdan |
المؤلف | Oduro, Michael Safo |
المؤلف | Ogundijo, Oluwaseun Adeolu |
المؤلف | Okeke, Sylvester Reuben |
المؤلف | Okonji, Osaretin Christabel |
المؤلف | Olagunju, Andrew T. |
المؤلف | Olorukooba, Abdulhakeem Abayomi |
المؤلف | Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa |
المؤلف | Omar, Hany A. |
المؤلف | Onyedibe, Kenneth Ikenna |
المؤلف | Opejin, Abdulahi |
المؤلف | Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V. |
المؤلف | Ostroff, Samuel M. |
المؤلف | Padukudru, Mahesh P.A. |
المؤلف | Panda, Sujogya Kumar |
المؤلف | Parikh, Romil R. |
المؤلف | Park, Sungchul |
المؤلف | Park, Eun-Kee |
المؤلف | Park, Seoyeon |
المؤلف | Pashaei, Ava |
المؤلف | Pasovic, Maja |
المؤلف | Patel, Jenil R. |
المؤلف | Patil, Shankargouda |
المؤلف | Pawar, Shrikant |
المؤلف | Peprah, Emmanuel K. |
المؤلف | Pereira, Gavin |
المؤلف | Pestell, Richard G. |
المؤلف | Pham, Hoang Tran |
المؤلف | Philip, Anil K. |
المؤلف | Phillips, Michael R. |
المؤلف | Pigeolet, Manon |
المؤلف | Postma, Maarten J. |
المؤلف | Pourali, Ghazaleh |
المؤلف | Pourbabaki, Reza |
المؤلف | Prabhu, Disha |
المؤلف | Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh |
المؤلف | Pradhan, Jalandhar |
المؤلف | Puvvula, Jagadeesh |
المؤلف | Rabiee Rad, Mehrdad |
المؤلف | Radfar, Amir |
المؤلف | Rafferty, Quinn |
المؤلف | Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa |
المؤلف | Rahman, Muhammad Aziz |
المؤلف | Rahmanian, Mohammad |
المؤلف | Ramadan, Majed |
المؤلف | Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran |
المؤلف | Ramazanu, Sheena |
المؤلف | Rane, Amey |
المؤلف | Rashid, Ahmed Mustafa |
المؤلف | Rawassizadeh, Reza |
المؤلف | Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed |
المؤلف | Reiner, Robert C. |
المؤلف | Rhee, Taeho Gregory |
المؤلف | Rickard, Jennifer |
المؤلف | Rodrigues, Monica |
المؤلف | Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia |
المؤلف | Rout, Himanshu Sekhar |
المؤلف | Runghien, Tilleye |
المؤلف | Saad, Aly M.A. |
المؤلف | Sabet, Cameron John |
المؤلف | Sabour, Siamak |
المؤلف | Saeed, Umar |
المؤلف | Safari, Mehdi |
المؤلف | Sagoe, Dominic |
المؤلف | Sajib, Md. Refat Uz Zaman |
المؤلف | Salum, Giovanni A. |
المؤلف | Samuel, Vijaya Paul |
المؤلف | Samy, Abdallah M. |
المؤلف | Saravanan, Aswini |
المؤلف | Saravi, Babak |
المؤلف | Scarmeas, Nikolaos |
المؤلف | Schlaich, Markus P. |
المؤلف | Schuermans, Art |
المؤلف | Schumacher, Austin E. |
المؤلف | Schwebel, David C. |
المؤلف | Seylani, Allen |
المؤلف | Shafie, Mahan |
المؤلف | Shah, Nilay S. |
المؤلف | Shahbandi, Ataollah |
المؤلف | Shaikh, Ahmed |
المؤلف | Shaikh, Masood Ali |
المؤلف | Shakil, Husain |
المؤلف | Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib |
المؤلف | Shamshirgaran, Mohammad Ali |
المؤلف | Sharath, Medha |
المؤلف | Sharifan, Amin |
المؤلف | Sharma, Manoj |
المؤلف | Shetty, Pavanchand H. |
المؤلف | Shetty, Premalatha K. |
المؤلف | Shi, Peilin |
المؤلف | Shittu, Aminu |
المؤلف | Shivarov, Velizar |
المؤلف | Shool, Sina |
المؤلف | Shuval, Kerem |
المؤلف | Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar |
المؤلف | Singh, Surjit |
المؤلف | Sirota, Sarah Brooke |
المؤلف | Sleet, David A. |
المؤلف | Solanki, Ranjan |
المؤلف | Solanki, Shipra |
المؤلف | Soliman, Sameh S.M. |
المؤلف | Song, Yi |
المؤلف | Stafford, Lauryn K. |
المؤلف | Sultana, Abida |
المؤلف | Sun, Jing |
المؤلف | Swain, Chandan Kumar |
المؤلف | Szarpak, Lukasz |
المؤلف | Szeto, Mindy D. |
المؤلف | Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad |
المؤلف | Tabche, Celine |
المؤلف | Taiba, Jabeen |
المؤلف | Tat, Nathan Y. |
المؤلف | Temsah, Mohamad-Hani |
المؤلف | Teramoto, Masayuki |
المؤلف | Thornton, James Douglas |
المؤلف | Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto |
المؤلف | Tram, Khai Hoan |
المؤلف | Tran, Thang Huu |
المؤلف | Tran, Jasmine T. |
المؤلف | Tran, Ngoc Ha |
المؤلف | Tromans, Samuel Joseph |
المؤلف | Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai |
المؤلف | Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya |
المؤلف | Tyrovolas, Stefanos |
المؤلف | Udoh, Arit |
المؤلف | Ullah, Sana |
المؤلف | Ullah, Saeed |
المؤلف | Ullah, Atta |
المؤلف | Vahdati, Sanaz |
المؤلف | Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj |
المؤلف | Vakili, Omid |
المؤلف | Van Den Eynde, Jef |
المؤلف | van Donkelaar, Aaron |
المؤلف | Vervoort, Dominique |
المؤلف | Vinayak, Manish |
المؤلف | Vongpradith, Avina |
المؤلف | Vos, Theo |
المؤلف | Waqas, Muhammad |
المؤلف | Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan |
المؤلف | Westerman, Ronny |
المؤلف | Wilkerson, Caroline |
المؤلف | Wu, Chenkai |
المؤلف | Wu, Felicia |
المؤلف | Xu, Suowen |
المؤلف | Yang, Lin |
المؤلف | Yang, Danting |
المؤلف | Yano, Yuichiro |
المؤلف | Yesiltepe, Metin |
المؤلف | Yon, Dong Keon |
المؤلف | Younis, Mustafa Z. |
المؤلف | Yu, Chuanhua |
المؤلف | Zadey, Siddhesh |
المؤلف | Zastrozhin, Michael |
المؤلف | Zeariya, Mohammed G.M. |
المؤلف | Zhang, Haijun |
المؤلف | Zhang, Zhiqiang |
المؤلف | Zhang, Meixin |
المؤلف | Zhong, Claire Chenwen |
المؤلف | Zhu, Bin |
المؤلف | Zhumagaliuly, Abzal |
المؤلف | Zia, Hafsa |
المؤلف | Ziafati, Makan |
المؤلف | Zielińska, Magdalena |
المؤلف | Zyoud, Sa'ed H. |
المؤلف | Murray, Christopher J.L. |
تاريخ الإتاحة | 2025-02-27T09:56:49Z |
تاريخ النشر | 2024 |
اسم المنشور | The Lancet |
المصدر | Scopus |
المعرّف | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01446-6 |
الرقم المعياري الدولي للكتاب | 1406736 |
الملخص | Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides a comprehensive assessment of health and risk factor trends at global, regional, national, and subnational levels. This study aims to examine the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the USA and highlight the disparities in health outcomes across different states. Methods GBD 2021 analysed trends in mortality, morbidity, and disability for 371 diseases and injuries and 88 risk factors in the USA between 1990 and 2021. We used several metrics to report sources of health and health loss related to specific diseases, injuries, and risk factors. GBD 2021 methods accounted for differences in data sources and biases. The analysis of levels and trends for causes and risk factors within the same computational framework enabled comparisons across states, years, age groups, and sex. GBD 2021 estimated years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost to premature mortality and YLDs) for 371 diseases and injuries, years of life lost (YLLs) and mortality for 288 causes of death, and life expectancy and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We provided estimates for 88 risk factors in relation to 155 health outcomes for 631 risk–outcome pairs and produced risk-specific estimates of summary exposure value, relative health risk, population attributable fraction, and risk-attributable burden measured in DALYs and deaths. Estimates were produced by sex (male and female), age (25 age groups from birth to ≥95 years), and year (annually between 1990 and 2021). 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws (ie, 500 random samples from the estimate's distribution). Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Findings We found disparities in health outcomes and risk factors across US states. Our analysis of GBD 2021 highlighted the relative decline in life expectancy and HALE compared with other countries, as well as the impact of COVID-19 during the first 2 years of the pandemic. We found a decline in the USA's ranking of life expectancy from 1990 to 2021: in 1990, the USA ranked 35th of 204 countries and territories for males and 19th for females, but dropped to 46th for males and 47th for females in 2021. When comparing life expectancy in the best-performing and worst-performing US states against all 203 other countries and territories (excluding the USA as a whole), Hawaii (the best-ranked state in 1990 and 2021) dropped from sixth-highest life expectancy in the world for males and fourth for females in 1990 to 28th for males and 22nd for females in 2021. The worst-ranked state in 2021 ranked 107th for males (Mississippi) and 99th for females (West Virginia). 14 US states lost life expectancy over the study period, with West Virginia experiencing the greatest loss (2·7 years between 1990 and 2021). HALE ranking declines were even greater; in 1990, the USA was ranked 42nd for males and 32nd for females but dropped to 69th for males and 76th for females in 2021. When comparing HALE in the best-performing and worst-performing US states against all 203 other countries and territories, Hawaii ranked 14th highest HALE for males and fifth for females in 1990, dropping to 39th for males and 34th for females in 2021. In 2021, West Virginia—the lowest-ranked state that year—ranked 141st for males and 137th for females. Nationally, age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1990 and 2021 for many leading causes of death, most notably for ischaemic heart disease (56·1% [95% UI 55·1–57·2] decline), lung cancer (41·9% [39·7–44·6]), and breast cancer (40·9% [38·7–43·7]). Over the same period, age-standardised mortality rates increased for other causes, particularly drug use disorders (878·0% [770·1–1015·5]), chronic kidney disease (158·3% [149·6–167·9]), and falls (89·7% [79·8–95·8]). We found substantial variation in mortality rates between states, with Hawaii having the lowest age-standardised mortality rate (433·2 per 100 000 [380·6–493·4]) in 2021 and Mississippi having the highest (867·5 per 100 000 [772·6–975·7]). Hawaii had the lowest age-standardised mortality rates throughout the study period, whereas Washington, DC, experienced the most improvement (a 40·7% decline [33·2–47·3]). Only six countries had age-standardised rates of YLDs higher than the USA in 2021: Afghanistan, Lesotho, Liberia, Mozambique, South Africa, and the Central African Republic, largely because the impact of musculoskeletal disorders, mental disorders, and substance use disorders on age-standardised disability rates in the USA is so large. At the state level, eight US states had higher age-standardised YLD rates than any country in the world: West Virginia, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, Ohio, Tennessee, and Arizona. Low back pain was the leading cause of YLDs in the USA in 1990 and 2021, although the age-standardised rate declined by 7·9% (1·8–13·0) from 1990. Depressive disorders (56·0% increase [48·2–64·3]) and drug use disorders (287·6% [247·9–329·8]) were the second-leading and third-leading causes of age-standardised YLDs in 2021. For females, mental health disorders had the highest age-standardised YLD rate, with an increase of 59·8% (50·6–68·5) between 1990 and 2021. Hawaii had the lowest age-standardised rates of YLDs for all sexes combined (12 085·3 per 100 000 [9090·8–15 557·1]), whereas West Virginia had the highest (14 832·9 per 100 000 [11 226·9–18 882·5]). At the national level, the leading GBD Level 2 risk factors for death for all sexes combined in 2021 were high systolic blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, and tobacco use. From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardised mortality rates attributable to high systolic blood pressure decreased by 47·8% (43·4–52·5) and for tobacco use by 5·1% (48·3%–54·1%), but rates increased for high fasting plasma glucose by 9·3% (0·4–18·7). The burden attributable to risk factors varied by age and sex. For example, for ages 15–49 years, the leading risk factors for death were drug use, high alcohol use, and dietary risks. By comparison, for ages 50–69 years, tobacco was the leading risk factor for death, followed by dietary risks and high BMI. Interpretation GBD 2021 provides valuable information for policy makers, health-care professionals, and researchers in the USA at the national and state levels to prioritise interventions, allocate resources effectively, and assess the effects of health policies and programmes. By addressing socioeconomic determinants, risk behaviours, environmental influences, and health disparities among minority populations, the USA can work towards improving health outcomes so that people can live longer and healthier lives. |
راعي المشروع | Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1152504). |
اللغة | en |
الناشر | Elsevier |
الموضوع | Global Burden of Diseases health disparities mortality and morbidity disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) risk factors |
النوع | Article |
الصفحات | 2314-2340 |
رقم العدد | 10469 |
رقم المجلد | 404 |
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