Selenium Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: Unveiling Cytotoxic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

Background: Cancer represents a complex group of diseases characterized by abnormal cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. These features pose significant challenges to conventional therapeutic approaches, necessitating the development of more targeted and effective treatment strategies. Objective: This review aims to explore the potential of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) as a novel therapeutic tool in cancer treatment, emphasizing their cytotoxic mechanisms and advantages over conventional therapies and other nanoparticles. Methods: The review synthesizes findings from recent studies investigating the therapeutic properties of SeNPs in cancer models. Emphasis is placed on their ability to selectively target malignant cells, modulate redox status, and influence tumor-associated cellular processes such as autophagy and microRNA regulation. Results: SeNPs demonstrate intrinsic antioxidant properties that counteract oxidative stress commonly observed in cancer cells. They modulate critical cellular pathways and exhibit selective toxicity, damaging cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. Additionally, their biocompatibility and capacity to deliver therapeutic agents contribute to improved safety and efficacy compared to other nanoparticle platforms. Conclusion: Selenium nanoparticles hold significant promise as a next-generation cancer treatment modality. Their dual function-serving as both therapeutic agents and drug delivery vehicles-positions them as a powerful tool in precision oncology. By minimizing off-target effects and enhancing targeted drug delivery, SeNPs have the potential to advance the landscape of cancer theragnostics.