Applying the Delphi technique in pharmacy and health services research

Abstract

New areas for improved health care services, including pharmaceutical services, are often identified and evaluated using research evidence. The need for evidence-based policy and practice in pharmacy is becoming increasingly important, resulting in the evolution and explosive expansion of pharmacy practice-based research over the last years. Nevertheless, generation of evidence through practice-based research should be grounded on appropriate use of rigorous methodologies. In addition to the traditional quantitative and qualitative approaches used in pharmacy practice research, other novel approaches such as consensus research methods are increasingly being utilized. The most commonly reported consensus research method is the Delphi technique, which is described as a structured, multistage interaction method to determine consensus using repetitive administration of anonymous questionnaires across two or three rounds. Researchers who try to answer relevant research questions should be competent in the selection and application of this method. However, definite and pharmacy-directed guidelines regarding the appropriate choice and application of Delphi technique in pharmacy research are scarce. In particular, there is lack of comprehensive and standardized guidelines to support the Delphi technique's selection, design, conduct, and reporting, resulting in inconsistencies and methodological difficulties among pharmacy practice researchers. This chapter highlights the principles and structures of the Delphi technique as well as the methodological issues and areas of uncertainty of the method, especially as it pertains to pharmacy practice research. The chapter provides the reader with the best practices regarding this research approach and will serve as an important resource for pharmacy practice researchers with an interest. 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.