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    A hybrid nf-fo-ro process for the supply of irrigation water from treated wastewater: Simulation study

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    Date
    2021
    Author
    Hafiz, MhdAmmar
    Alfahel, Radwan
    Hawari, Alaa H.
    Hassan, Mohammad K.
    Altaee, Ali
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    Abstract
    Municipal treated wastewater could be considered as a water source for food crop irrigation purposes. Enhancing the quality of treated wastewater to meet irrigation standards has become a necessary practice. Nanofiltration (NF) was used in the first stage to produce permeate at relatively low energy consumption. In the second stage, two membrane combinations were tested for additional water extraction from the brine generated by the NF process. The simulation results showed that using a hybrid forward osmosis (FO)-reverse osmosis (RO) system is more efficient than using the RO process alone for the further extraction of water from the brine generated by the NF process. The total specific energy consumption can be reduced by 27% after using FO as an intermediate process between NF and RO. In addition, the final permeate water quality produced using the hybrid FO-RO system was within the allowable standards for food crops irrigation. 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
    DOI/handle
    http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030191
    http://hdl.handle.net/10576/39381
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    • Center for Advanced Materials Research [‎1005‎ items ]
    • Civil & Architectural Engineering [‎437‎ items ]

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